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Geo Final > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

High rainfall belts are regions of ___, where warm, moist air masses meet and rise.

A

Convergence

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2
Q

Low-rainfall belts are regions of ___, where cool, dry air masses sink downward.

A

Divergence

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3
Q

These belts lie in the two polar regions and in the subtropical regions creating two dry climate subtropical regions and two dry, cold polar climates

A

Low-rainfall belts

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4
Q

These belts lie along the equator and the polar fronts resulting warm-humid and cold-humid climate zones.

A

High-rainfall belts

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5
Q

___ is an arid land that receives less than 250mm of rainfall or snow equivalent per year and is sparsely vegetated unless it is irrigated

A

Desert

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6
Q

___ is land in which the annual rainfall ranges between 250-500mm

A

Semiarid

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7
Q

Arid and semiarid lands are collectively known as ___, are characterized by lack of available water.

A

Drylands

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8
Q

When evaporation exceeds precipitation on a regular basis, water availability is ___

A

Low

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of deserts?

A 
Subtropical
Continental Interior
Rainshadow
Coastal
Polar
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10
Q

___ deserts are associated with two belts of low rainfall near the 30N and 30S latitudes

A

Subtropical

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11
Q

___ deserts receive very little precipitation and are considered “frozen” deserts

A

Polar

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12
Q

___ is the worlds largest desert

A

Antarctica

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13
Q

Which 3 types of deserts are related to geography and not global air circulation

A

Continental Interior
Rainshadow
Coastal

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14
Q

The ___ desert is the greatest of the world subtropical deserts

A

Sahara

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15
Q

A ___ desert forms when a mountain range creates a barrier to the flow of moist air, causing a zone of precipitation on the downward side of the range

A

Rainshadow

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16
Q

___ deserts form along the margins of continents where cold, upwelling seawater cools the air, decreasing its ability to form precipitation

A

Coastal

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17
Q

___ deserts receive little rain since they are far from oceans

A

Continental Interior

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18
Q

___ is the processes related to wind and are particularly effective as agents of erosion in arid and semarid regions

A

Aeolian

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19
Q

Sediment carried by the wind tends to be ___ than the sediment carried by water or ice

A

Finer

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20
Q

Typically, the largest particles that can be lifted in the airstream are ___

A

Grains of sand

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21
Q

___ is sediment transport in which the wind causes particles to roll along the ground.

A

Surface Creep

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22
Q

___ is sediment transport in which particles move forward in a series of short jumps along arc-shaped paths

A

Saltation

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23
Q

___ is sediment transport in which the wind carries very fine particles over long distance and periods of time

A

Suspension

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24
Q

The largest grains are transported by ___

A

Surface Creep

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25
Q

As wind speed increases, smaller grains are bumped or lifted into the air, where they experience ___

A

Saltation

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26
Q

Finer dust-sized particles may be carried aloft to heights of a kilometer or so, where they can travel along in ___ as long as the wind keeps blowing

A

Suspension

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27
Q

What are the two ways for flowing air to erode land surface?

A

Abrasion

Deflation

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28
Q

___ is wind erosion in which airborne particles chip small fragments off rocks that protrude above the surface

A

Abrasion

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29
Q

A bedrock surface or stone that has been abraded and shaped by windblown sediment is a ___

A

Ventifact

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30
Q

___ is wind erosion in which loose particles of sand and dust removed by the wind, leaving coarser particles behind

A

Deflation

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31
Q

___ on a large scale only takes place where there is little or no vegetation and where loose particles are fine enough to be picked up by the wind.

A

Deflation

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32
Q

Continued deflation sometimes leads to the development of ___ where most of the fine particles are removed

A

Desert Pavement

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33
Q

Desert landforms can either be ___, ___, or ___

A

Erosional
Depositional
Combination of Both

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34
Q

A ___ is a hill or ridge of sand deposited by winds.

A

Dune

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35
Q

A typical dune is ___, with a gentle windward slope and a steep leeward face.

A

Asymmetrical

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36
Q

___ dunes are formed when wind blows in several different directions.

A

Star

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37
Q

Crescent-Shaped dunes are called ___, wind blows mainly in one direction

A

Barchans

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38
Q

___ dunes run parallel to the prevailing winds

A

Longitudinal

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39
Q

When there is a shit ton of sand supply, barchan dunes can merge and form ___ dunes

A

Transverse

40
Q

Coastal regions where moist wind off the ocean allows vegetation to grow, are a typical environment for ___ dunes

A

Parabolic

41
Q

When the sand reaches the top of the dune, the sand cascades down the steep leeward side, this is called ___

A

Slip Face

42
Q

Crisscrossed strata within the dune, called ___, are former slip faces

A

Cross beds

43
Q

The sliding sand on a slip face comes to rest at the ___

A

Angle of Repose

44
Q

The angle of repose is steeper for more ___ grained minerals

A

Coarse

45
Q

___ are landforms that form when a resistant stratum is underlain by a softer, more easily eroded stratum that is removed and carried away.

A

Hoodoos

46
Q

Landforms could be steep-sided but flat-topped ___ or table-like ___

A

Buttes, Mesas

47
Q

The rapid rainfall runoff erodes steep-sided canyons, called ___, into the landscape

A

Arroyos

48
Q

If canyon openings are closely spaced along the base of a mountain range, the alluvial fans sometimes coalesce into a broad alluvial apron called a ___

A

Bajada

49
Q

___ is the invasion of desert conditions into nondesert areas

A

Desertification

50
Q

___ is land damage or loss of productivity caused by human activity, which may lead to the advance of desert conditions into non desert areas

A

Land Degradation

51
Q

In the region south of the Sahara lies a drought-prone belt of dry grassland known as the ___, and the annual rainfall is only __ to __ cm

A

Sahel, 10-30

52
Q

Signs of desertification are

A
  • lower water tables
  • higher levels of salt in water and topsoil
  • reduction in surface water supplies
  • unusually high rates of soil erosion
  • destruction of vegetation
53
Q

___ is the perennially frozen part of the hydrosphere

A

Cryosphere

54
Q

A semipermanent or perennially frozen body of ice consisting largely of recrystallized snow, which moves under the pull of gravity

A

Glacier

55
Q

A(n) ___ is the largest type of glacier on earth

A

Ice Sheet

56
Q

___ are thick sheets of floating ice hundreds of meters thick that adjoin glaciers on land

A

Ice Shelves

57
Q

___ is a form of ice cover that never touches land at all

A

Sea Ice

58
Q

A glacier where the ice is near its melting point throughout the interior. These glaciers form in the low and middle latitudes

A

Temperate Glaciers

59
Q

At high latitudes and high altitudes, the mean annual temperature is below freezing, the temperature in the glacier remains low, and little or no seasonal melting occurs. What type of glacier is this?

A

Polar Glacier

60
Q

A ___ glacier occupies a bowl-shaped depression on a mountainside and typically serves as the source for a valley glacier

A

Cirque

61
Q

A ___ glacier flows down valleys and are fed either from cirque glaciers or ice caps

A

Valley

62
Q

An ___ covers a mountaintop completely and usually displays a radial-outward-flow pattern

A

Ice Cap

63
Q

when a glacial valley is partly filled by an arm of the sea, the valley is called a ___ and the glacier is a ___ glacier

A

Fjord, Fjord

64
Q

When a glacier flows all the way out of the mountains and onto the surrounding lowlands, it is called a ___ glacier

A

Piedmont

65
Q

The presence of air in the pore spaces allows the delicate points of each snowflake to ___

A

Sublimate

66
Q

As years go by, the snow gradually becomes denser and denser, until it is no longer penetrable by air and becomes ___

A

Glacier Ice

67
Q

Addition of snow to a glacier is ___

A

Accumulation

68
Q

A loss of snow from a glacier is ___

A

Ablation

69
Q

Near the top, or ___, of the glacier is an Accumulation Zone where snows turns into glacier ice

A

Head

70
Q

Near the end, or ___, of the glacier, more ice is rapidly lost to evaporation and melting than is replaced by snow

A

terminus

71
Q

Glaciers move because of ___

A

The pull of gravity

72
Q

The difference between accumulation and ablation is the measure of the glacier’s ___

A

Mass Balance

73
Q

Glaciers move in 2 ways, ___ and ___

A

Internal Flow and Basal Sliding

74
Q

The weight of overlying snow and ice in a glacier increases, ice crystals are prone to more stress. Under this stress, ice crystals deep within the glacier undergo very slow movements called ___, along internal crystal planes

A

Creep

75
Q

Glaciers pass over a change in slope and the surface ice cracks as the tension pulls it apart. When the crack opens up, this is called a ___, a deep, gaping fissure in the upper surface of a glacier.

A

CrevASSe

76
Q

___ is when ice at the bottom of a glacier slides across its bed

A

Basal Sliding

77
Q

A ___ is when a glacier goes wild and one part of the glacier begins to move rapidly downslope producing a chaos ;) of crevASSes and broken pinnacles

A

Surge

78
Q

When basal sliding occurs, small fragments of rock embedded in the basal ice scrape away at the underlying bedrock and produce long, nearly parallel scratches called ___. While larger particles gouge out deeper ____

A

Glacial Striations, Glacial Grooves

79
Q

Bowl-shaped ___ are found at the glaciers head

A

Cirque

80
Q

Two cirques on opposite sides of a mountain can meet to form a sharp-crested ridge called an ___

A

Arete

81
Q

Cirques developing on all sides of a mountain may carve its peak into a prominent ___

A

Horn

82
Q

A ___ is a heterogeneous mixture of crushed rock, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders deposited by a glacier

A

Till

83
Q

The boulders, rock fragments, and other sediment carried by a glacier may be deposited along its margins or at its terminus, these form ridges called ___

A

Moraines

84
Q

___ moraines form along the edges

A

Lateral

85
Q

___ moraines form at the terminus

A

Terminal

86
Q

___ moraines form as a glacier melts and recedes

A

Recessional

87
Q

___ is a ridge or pile of debris that has been, or is being transported by a glacier

A

Moraine

88
Q

A ___ moraine is formed when two lateral moraines converge and the lateral moraines get trapped between the glaciers forming a ridge of material that rides along the middle of the ice stream

A

Medial

89
Q

If the glacier subsequently retreats, that sediment that is left behind in a raised bed is called an ___

A

Esker

90
Q

The retreat of a glacier can leave behind a terrain full of pits and pockmarks from abandoned blocks of ice embedded in the glacial debris. When these melt, the depressions left behind are called ___

A

Kettles

91
Q

Glacial till can sometimes include very large boulders. When they are different from the bedrock, such boulders are called ___

A

Erratics

92
Q

Land areas that are near or adjacent to glaciers are referred to as ___

A

Periglacial

93
Q

The most common type of periglacial landscape is ___, a treeless biome that experiences long winters and very short summers

A

Tundra

94
Q

Tundra is usually underlain by a layer of ___

A

Permafrost

95
Q

During the summer in the tundra, the ice in permafrost melts only in a thin layer near the surface called the ___

A

Active Layer

96
Q

The freeze-thaw cycle produces characteristic geological formations called ___ and ___

A

Ice Wedges and Patterned Ground

97
Q

Ground that is perennially below the freezing point of water

A

Permafrost

Geo Final (5 decks)

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