PASSMED Flashcards
THE 9;22 translocation forms what gene
bcr- alb
Which of theleukaemias is most commonly associated with low neutrophil count?
acute myeloid leukemia
The most common form of leukaemia in adults is ….?
CLL
schistocytes ( helmet cells) are typical of ..?
intravascular haemolyssi
what is used for prophylaxis in sick cell patients
hydroxyurea
why is b12 needed in the immune system
- for the myelination of nerves
2 main causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia
b12 def
folate def
chronic alcohol use can cause ?
sideroblastic anaemia
- frequent alcohol causes b6 def leading to abnormal heme production
- causing SA
define autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) may be divided in to ‘warm’ and ‘cold’ types, according to at what temperature the antibodies best cause haemolysis.
is warm or cold type more common
warm
specific features of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
positive direct antiglobulin test (Coombs’ test).
pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia is an autosomal recessive condition where glutamic acid is replaced by valine on the 6th position of the β chain.
Pathophysiology of alpha thalassaemia
hb has 4 alpha chains
symptomatic when two or more copies are lost
two defective- mild
4 defective- life threatning , lack of alpha globin results in excess gamma chains which are poor carriers of oxygen
lifespan of a platelet
7-10 days
pathophysiology of cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
IgM mediated autoimmune condition
- characterised by the production of autoantibodies against erythrocytes that bind at temperatures colder than body temperature
SLE is assocaited with what type of anaemia
Warm auto immune haemolytic anaemia
what is more severe Hbsc or HBSS
HBSS
most common organisms isolated from patients with bronchiectasis
haemophilus influenzae - mc
p aeruginosa
klebs
s pneumoniae
patient with recurrent bronchiectasis should be treated with ?
prophylactic abx
myellofibrosis would present with and appear on histology as ?
anaemia, leucocytosis and thrombocytoss
massive splenomegaly
teardrop poikilocytes
immune idiopathic purpura is characterised by
- isolated thrombocytopenia
- destruction of platelets
- oral prednisolone as first line tx
burkitts lymphoma is assocaited with what gene translocation ?
c- myc gene usually 8:14
management of burkitts may cause
tumor lysis syndrome
lab investigation for hodgkins would show ?
- normocytic anaemia
- eosinophilia
- ldh raised
pain in lymph node when consuming alcohol would be suggestive of?
hodgkins lymphoma
how does myeloma cause hypercalcaemia
increased osteoclast activity in response to cytokines released by the myeloma cells
what is dic
Simultaneous coagulation and haemorrhage caused by the initial formation of thrombi which consume clotting factors (factors 5,8) and platelets, ultimately leading to bleeding.
a high d dimer would suggest ?
the body is working hard to disperse clots
blood tests for DIC would show
prolonged clotting times, thrombocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen, increased fibrinogen degradation products
does haemophillia affect bleeding time
no only elevated aptt
what can cause vit k def
prolonged use of abx
what is something specific you would see in thalassaemia
pronounced forehead
malar eminences
Alpha globin is coded for on what chromosom
16
beta globin is coded for on what chromosome
11
what type of anaemia is SLE commonly associated with
warm type autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
mutation for Polycythemia
jak2
common presentation for polycythemia
Very itchy after hot bath or shower with anaemia, headaches, dizziness
thrombocytopenia, raised PT), and has a blood film showing promyelocytes with Auer rods is indicativ e of
Dic
starry sky appearance?
burkitt lymphoma
burrkitt lymphoma is linked to what virus
epstein barr virus
SMUDGE CELLS
CML
AUER RODS
AML
what blood film is associated with megaloblastic anaemia
hypersegmented neutrophil polymorphs
SE of ferrour sulphate
black stools
pharmacological treatment for CML and its mechanism of action.
Progression to AML and you would find AUER RODS
