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Microbio-virology > Parvoviruses and Circoviruses > Flashcards

Parvoviruses and Circoviruses Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of parvoviruses

A
  • Small Icosahedral virion (10 X smaller than poxes)
  • Linear ssDNA genome
  • Naked => Environmentally resistant
  • Hardiest/smallest viruses
  • Replicate in nucleus of rapidly dividing cells
    • GI tract => Diarrhea and malabsorption
    • WBC => Panleukopenia
    • Pregnancy => S=stillbirth M=mummification
    • ED = embryonic death I = infertility
    • eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions
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2
Q

Diseases of Parvoviruses

  • Porcine parvovirus
  • Feline panleukopenia virus
  • Canine parvovirus
  • Mink enteritis virus
  • Aleutian mink dz virus
  • Goose parvovirus
A
  • Porcine parvovirus
    • stillbirth, abortion, fetal death, mummification & infertility
  • Feline panleukopenia virus
    • Cerebellar hypoplasia, panleukopenia, enteritis
  • Canine parvovirus
    • Generalized neonatal disease, enteritis, myocarditis, panleukopenia
  • Mink enteritis virus
    • Panleukopenia, enteritis
  • Aleutian mink dz virus
    • Chronic immune complex disease, encephalopathy
  • Goose parvovirus
    • Hepatitis
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3
Q

Parvovirus in pigs

(SMEDI syndrome)

Clinical Syndrome

A
  • S=Stillbirth
  • M=Mummification
  • ED=Embryonic death
  • I=infertility

S, M, ED

  • occur because of intrauterine infection

Syndrome usually seen in gilts not immune and bred to new boar

No clinical dz in non-pregnant gilts/sows

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4
Q

Parvovirus in Pigs

Clinical Findings

A
  • reduced litter size
  • fetuses dying after 30 days => mummies at birth
  • after birth may contain macerated or mummified fetuses
  • Sows immune after first infection
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5
Q

Parvovirus in Pigs

Transmission

A
  • infected boar bred to naive pig
  • found in
    • boar semen, testicles, feces
    • can be shed continuously
  • Virus resistent, persists up to 135 days in pens
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6
Q

Parvovirus in Pigs

Diagnosis

Prevention

A
  • Diagnosis
    • mummified fetus best for DG
      • IF
      • PCR from viscera
    • Serology if no fetus available
      • virus neutralization, ELISA, Hemagglutination inhibition, immunodiffusion
  • Prevention
    • effective vaccines 3-4 weeks prior to breeding
    • maternal antibodies can last 6 months and interfere with vaccination response
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7
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Disease characteristics

A
  • Disease Characteristics
    • highly contagious, often fatal dz in cats
    • dz more severe in kittens
    • virus not pathogenic to canids, can infect racoon & mink
    • emerging canine parvovirus type-2 strains cause panleukopenia-like dz in felids
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8
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Transmission

A
  • Widespread in nature
    • most cats exposed in first year of life
  • Direct transmission
    • through feces, urine, saliva, vomit
  • Indirect transmission
    • fomites (humans, cates, catteries) fleas
  • Transmitted vertically
    • cerebellar hypoplasia
  • Virus shed in urine and feces up to 6 weeks after recovery
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9
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Clinical signs (post parturition)

A
  • Peracute dz: fever > 104F and death
  • If cat survives
    • lethargy, anorexia, vomiting of yellow fluid
    • early fever, then hypothermia
    • severe dehydration from malabsorption => death
    • Diarrhea
      • yellowish +/- blood
    • GI tract
      • palpably swollen, filled with gas/liquid
      • +/- upper respiratory complications
  • Substantial mortality in young animals
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10
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Clinical signs (in utero)

Test Question

A
  • Cerebellar hypoplasia
    • loss of balance, broad based stance, ataxia, tremor, hypermetra, dysmetra, intention tremors
  • stunted growth
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11
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs
  • CBC/Chem
    • profound leukopemia
    • Grave prognosis if blood WBC < 1000 cells
    • hypoalbuminemia
  • +/- fecal ELISA for CPV-2
  • PCR
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12
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Treatment

A
  • Supportive care is the only option
    • fluids and electrolyte therapy
      • plasma or hetastarch
        • albumin often <2g/dL
  • Antibiotics
    • threat of secondary infection (neutropenia & disrupted GI barrier lining)
      • Cefazolin-nonfebrile
      • Ampicillin + Enrofloxacin (big gun for G-)
  • +/- antiemetics
    • metoclopramide
    • ondansetron
  • +/- H2 receptor antagonists
  • Sulcralfate
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13
Q

Feline Panleukopenia

Prevention

A
  • Vaccination
    • kittens 6-12 weeks
      • ML (NOT IN PREGGOS or sicksies) or killed vaccine
      • vaccinate every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks old (3-4 doses)
    • Kittens 12 + weeks/adults w/unknown vaccination hx
      • ML or killed
      • 2 doses 3-4 weeks apart
    • Annual or 3 yr booster
  • Disinfection of environment
    • exremely resistant virus
    • bleach 6% or Quaternary ammonium effectve
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14
Q

Canine Parvovirus-2

Disease Characteristics

A
  • CPV-2 first described in 1978
  • Spread rapidly worldwide in less than 6 months
    • stable, efficient fecal-oral transmission, most dogs naive
  • Panzootic of high morbidity and mortality
  • Families susceptible to natural infection
    • Canidae: dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes
    • Mustelidae: mink, ferrets
    • Felidae: domestic cats and large cats
  • Still imp cause of infectious diarrhea in wild and domestic canids
  • Genetically distinct from CPV -1
  • Continues to evolve, currently 3 novel strains
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15
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Signalments

A
  • Puppies < 6 mo old
  • Rottweilers, Dobermans, Labs, Staffordshire terriers, German Shepherds, Alaskan Sled Dogs
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16
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Clinical Signs

A
  • Asymptomatic, subclinical dz very common
  • Severe dz in rapidly growing puppies 6 wks-6 mos
  • Enteritis syndrome
    • Severe protracted vx/d first sign
    • anorexia, lethargy/depression, severe dehydration
    • hemorrhagic diarrhea, malodorous
    • fever or hypothermia
  • Septic shock due to intestinal vili destruction & translocation of bacteria
  • Death
  • MYOCARDITIS
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17
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Myocarditis

A
  • Puppies infected in utero or during 1st week of life
  • causes cardiomyopathy in 4-8 wk olds w/ acute heart failure and sudden death
  • Syndrome rare due to vaccines and maternal immunity
18
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs, smell
  • CBC/Chem
    • hypoalbuminemia, neutropenia
  • ELISA snap test
    • CPV - 2 in feces
  • Gross & microscopic pathology of intestine
19
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Treatment

A
  • Fluids
    • balanced electrolytes
      • KCL
      • +/- hetastarch
      • +/- dextrose
  • Antibiotics
    • Cefazolin: nonfebrile, neutropenic
    • Ampicillin/enrofloxacin: febrile, neutropenic
  • Antiemetis
    • metoclopramide
    • ondancetron
  • Esophagitis therapy
    • H2 receptor antagonists
    • Sucralfate
20
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Prevention

A
  • Vaccination: DHPP
    • start at 6-8 wks old
    • 3-4 doses 3-4 weeks apart
    • last dose between 16-20 weeks of age
    • Booster at 1 year, update every 1-3 years
    • unvaccinated adults: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
  • Disinfection
    • extremely resistent: survives up to 5 months in environment
    • Proper protective equiptment and quarantine procedures w/suspect cases
    • Bleach (1 part bleach to 30 parts water)
  • Reduce exposure
    • don’t take unvaccinated pups around other dogs
    • isolate unvaccinated pups in kennel or hospital
21
Q

Maternal antibodies don’t provide…

A

memory

22
Q

Canine Parvovirus - 2

Intereference by maternal antibodies

A
  • wait until 8-10 weeks!
23
Q

Properties of Circoviruses

A
  • Smallest known DNA viruses
  • Naked, icosahedral shape-environmentally resistant
  • Circular, ssDNA genomes
  • Pathogens of birds and swine
  • Replication in nucleus
    • large basophilic intracytoplasmic, sometimes intranuclear inclusion bodies
  • Replication occurs in rapidly dividing cells
  • Persistent infection common
24
Q

Circoviruses and Diseases

  • Porcine circovirus 2
  • Psittacine beak and feather disease virus
  • Chicken anemia virus
A
  • Porcine circovirus 2
    • postweaning polysytemic wasting syndrome
  • Psittacine beak and feather disease virus
    • Psittacine beak and feather disease
  • Chicken anemia virus
    • chicken anemia virus and disease
25
Q

Porcine CIrcovirus - 2 associated Disease Syndromes

A
  • Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
  • Porcine dermatitis & nephropathy syndrome
  • Procine respiratory disease complex
  • Reproductive failure
  • Granulomatous enteritis
  • Exudative epidermitis
  • Necrotizing lymphadenitis
26
Q

Procine Circovirus - 2: Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome

A
  • Wasting and mortality of weanling piglets 7-15 weeks old, sometimes adults
  • Multifactorial dz PCV-2 primary one
    • porcine reproductive and resp syndrome
    • porcine Parvovirus
    • Swine influenzavirus
    • torque teno viruses?
    • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
    • Overcrowding, poor air quality, comingling age groups, stressors
27
Q

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

A
  • Affects mainly the immune system
    • macrophages
    • lymphocytes
  • Granulomatous inflammation
    • lymphoid tissues
    • lungs
    • liver
    • kidney
    • heart
    • intestines
  • Botryoid basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies on Macs
    • grape-like cluster
  • Lymphocyte depletion & reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia
28
Q

Porcine Circovirus-2 associated disease

A
  • Emaciation
    • marked dorsal spine & long bristle haircoat in wasting pig
  • Hemorrhagic epidermitis associated with necrotic vasculitis & necrotic arteritis
  • Respiratory disease
29
Q

Porcine Circovirus-2 Associated disease

Diagnosis

A
  • Pigs show clinical signs that can be mistaken with other dz
    • coinfections are common
  • Examine pigs in environment
  • necropsy sick pigs
  • Virus ubiquitous, causes subclinical infections
  • Careful interpretation from tissue samples
    • Quantitation of viral load by qPCR in lymphoid cells important
    • Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence of affected tissues
30
Q

Prcine Circovirus-2 associated disease

Management

A
  • Full partition pens
  • Use semen from uninfected boars
  • practice all in/all out
  • ensure consumptio of plenty of colostrum
  • limic cross-fostering
  • consider inc weaning age
  • change blades, needles, disinfect
31
Q

Porcine Circovirus-2 Associated disease

Environment and health

A
  • Keep rooms at correct temp (higher for young pigs)
  • Keep humidity comfortable
  • consider other vaccinations
32
Q

Porcine Circovirus-2 associated disease

Control

A
  • Inactivated (subunit) vaccines effective
    • 3-4 days, and again 3-4 weeks if high exposure
    • normal exposure start at 3-4 weeks
    • Allegedly reduces viremia and shedding
    • Overcomes maternal antibody barrier
    • Protection up to 22 weeks from high antigen content
    • Significantly reduces morbidity/mortality
    • May reduce lymphoid depletion & pneumonia from
      • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
33
Q

Psittacine Beak and Feather disease

A
  • Debilitating progressive dz of cockatoos, parrots, budgerigars
  • Most are subclinical
  • Natral infection in young birds < 5 yrs during feather formation
  • Targets feather follicles, beak, claws
    • growing cells cause necrosis & feather malformation
34
Q

Psittacine Beak and feather disease

Clinical Signs

A
  • After each molt, greater number of feather affected
  • Progressive feather dystrophy continues for months to years
    • club-shaped sheaths
    • deformed beak easily fractures
  • Affected birds highly infectious
    • horizontal/vertical transmission
    • virus persists in environoment
35
Q
A

Psittacine Beak and Feather disease

36
Q

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Pathogenesis and Pathology

A
  • Viral replication in basal epithelia layer of feather follicles, beak and claw
  • Development of botryoid basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in follicular epithelium
    • EM shown to contain masses of virions
    • Also occurs in macrophages, bursa epithelium
  • Progressive dz and immunosuppresion
37
Q

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in bx of affected feather foliicles
  • PCR of DNA from feather tips, biopsy, swabs
  • EM
  • Immunohistochemistry/fluorescence
  • PCR
38
Q

Psittacine Beak and Feather Dz

Prevention and control

A
  • High prevalence resulting from subclinical infection
  • Eradication is difficult once in a colony
  • Strict hygiene, continuous testing, lengthy quarantine in breeding colonies
  • Neutralizing antibodies are protective
  • No vaccine
39
Q

Chicken Anemia Virus Disease

A
  • Ubiquitous worldwide
  • Only chickens affected (broilers, layers)
  • resistant to disifectants
    • use bleach
  • Vertical/horizontal fomite/direct transmission
  • dz in first 2-3 weeks of life
  • Chicks resistant to dz by 3 weeks of age
40
Q

Chicken anemia virus disease

Clinical Signs

A
  • Anemia only specific sign
  • severity of anemia peaks at 2 weeks after infection
  • Birds pale and depressed
  • Low PCV
    • 6-27% (normal 30-40)
    • blood pale and slow to clot
  • loss hemocytocytoblasts
    • dec erythrocyts, thrombocytes, granulocytes
    • prone to bleeding => hemorrhagic dermatitis
  • Generalized lymphoid depletion
  • Immunosuppression
  • Secondary infection
    • mycotoxicosis, clostridium, staph, mareck’s dz
    • can lead to high mortality
  • mortality 5-10 percent, may reach 60%
41
Q

Chicken Anemia virus dz

Diagnosis

A
  • Presumptive
    • CBC: anemia
    • Gross lesions: bleeding wounds
    • Histopath:
      • necrotic enteritis
      • pale yellow & fatty bone marrow
      • hypoplasia of erythroid and myeloid cell progenitors
      • severely atrophied thymus
  • Lab
    • PCR
    • Immunofluorescence
    • Immunohistochem
    • ELISA to detect antibodies
42
Q

Chicken Anemia virus dz

Prevention and Control

A
  • Live modified virus vaccine
  • vaccinate pullets 6 weeks prior to laying (12-5 wks)
  • vaccinate all birds to avoid spreading to younger birds

Microbio-virology (8 decks)

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