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Microbio-virology > Herpesviruses of Domestic species > Flashcards

Herpesviruses of Domestic species Flashcards

1
Q

Herpes virus hallmarks

Virion architecture

A
  • Core: contains dsDNA genome
  • Icosahedral nucleo Capsid
  • Tegument
  • Outer Envelope (lipid bilayer)
    • ​lock and key to let virus into next cell
    • makes them less resistant disinfection
      • sunlight
      • disinfectant
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2
Q

Herpes virus dz characteristics

A
  • Typical microscopic lesions
    • intranuclear inclusions
    • karyomegaly
  • Host specific
    • typically self-limiting
    • serious in immunocompromised
    • when they cross species very serious
  • Latency for life after initial infection
  • Recrudescence under stress => life-long shedding
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3
Q

All DNA virus cause

A

intranuclear inclusions

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4
Q

All RNA viruses cause

A

Inclusions in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

To be infectious all viruses have to pass

A

The epithelium

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6
Q

Monkey-bite encephalomyelitis

A
  • When macaques have a herpesvirus that gets transmitted to a human
    • high mortality
  • Human herpes virus 1 can cause lethal disease in small pet primates
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7
Q

Herpes viruses a problem…

A
  • When it crosses species
  • Or in an immunocompromised patient
    • young
    • old
    • chemo
    • immunosuppressants
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8
Q

Alpha herpesviruses that cause dz in comestic animals

A
  • Human herpesvirus 1: oral herpes
  • Human herpesvirus 2: genital herpes
  • Human herpesvirus 3: chickenpox and shingles
  • Bovine herpesvirus 1: IBR, IPV, IPB
  • Bovine herpesvirus 2:
  • Pseudorabies virus: Mad Itch, Aujeszky’s dz
  • Equine herpesvirus 1: Abortion/neuro dz
  • Equine herpesvirus 4: Rhinopneumonitis
  • Equine herpesvirus 3: coital exanthema
  • Canine herpesvirus 1: Hemorrhagic dz of pups
  • Feline herpesvirus 1: Feline viral rhinotracheitis
  • Avian herpesvirus 1: infectious laryngotracheitis
  • Avian herpesvirus 2: Mark’s disease virus
  • B virus: inapparent in monkeys, paralysis in humans
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9
Q

Bovine herpesvirus 1

A
  • Can do it all
  • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
    • one agent implicated in shipping fever complex
  • Infectious pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV)
  • Infectious Pustular Balanoposthitis (IPB)
    • inflammation of glans penis
  • Abortion
  • mastitis

*can be lethal

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10
Q

BHV1

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A
  • Upper respiratory dz
  • Lesions on mucosa
  • abortion
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11
Q

Shipping fever complex

Viral etiology

Bact component

A
  • Viral etiologies
    • Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
    • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
    • Bovine respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)
    • Parainfluenza Type-3 virus (PIV-3)
    • Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV)
  • Bacterial components
    • Mannheimia hemolytica
    • Pasturella multocida
    • Mycoplasma bovis
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12
Q

Shipping fever complex

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

A
  • Clinical signs
    • depression, anorexia, resp distress, death
  • DX
    • history and clinical signs
  • TX/Prevention
    • vaccination
    • supportive care
    • antibiotics
    • antiinflammatories to reduce lung pathology
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13
Q

BHV1 Associated Ocular Lesions

A
  • Conjuctivitis
  • Corneal keratitis and ulceration
  • Possible associate with cancer eye
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14
Q

BHV1

Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis

Infectious pustular Balanoposthitis

A
  • Does not lead to abortion
  • May be historical form of BHV1 infection
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15
Q

BHV1 infection of young calf

A
  • Infection acquired shortly after birth
    • may lead to systemic infection and death
    • microscopic lesions throughout body
    • respiratory signs
  • why we should vaccinate!
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16
Q

BHV1 Abortion

A
  • follows respiratory infection, not genital
  • Not a distinct virus
  • Liver is best source of virus for dx
  • Live vaccines for IBR can be used on feedlots as abortigen (synchronizing)
    • attenuated vaccine can have inc virulence for fetus
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17
Q

Epidemiology/diagnosis of BHV1

A
  • Emergence in feedlogs in 1960s in US
  • Spreads by aerosol and coitus (IPV/IPB)
    • village bull
  • Enveloped (fragile)
  • Causes latent infection
  • Easily reactivated with corticosteroids
    • lymphpenia
  • Easy virus to isolate in cell culture and characterize
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18
Q

Cytopathic effect

A
  • Unhappy cells….
  • What’s done to isolate the virus
  • Need host specific cells
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19
Q

Control and Prevention of BHV1

A
  • WIde range
  • vaccinate 3 weeks ahead of shipping
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20
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus 2

A
  • Dermopathic bovine herpesvirus
  • Bovine mammallitis
  • Pseudo-lumpy skin disease
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21
Q

BHV2 about

A
  • localized to udder and teat
    • can’t milk these
  • raised lesions on skin (differentiate from true lumpy skin dz pox dz in Africa)
    • BHV2 lesions have central depression
  • Springing heifers affected
    • immunosuppressed
  • Related to human herpes simplex
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22
Q

BHV2

Transmission

Dx

Tx

A
  • Transmission
    • direct contact (milking machines)
    • Insect vector
  • DX
    • clinical signs
    • virus recovery
  • Tx
    • Supportive care

*Not lethal

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23
Q

Pseudorabies virus

A
  • Pseudorabies
  • Mad Itch
  • Aujeszky’s dz
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24
Q

Pseudorabies

(Aujeszky’s dz)

Pathogenesis pigs

A
  • Typically acute infection first as upper respiratory tract, then latency
  • Portal of entry
    • nasal, oral epithelium
  • Early replication in upper respiratory tract
  • may be short, poorly defined viremia
  • Spread to brain (likes neurons b/c no immunosurveillance)
    • gives rise to pruritis
  • Latency in trigenminal ganglia
  • VIrus shed primarily from nose and mouth for 17 days post infection
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25
Q

Pseudorabies

Epidemiology

M:46:14

A
  • Pigs main reservoir
  • primary spread is airborne
  • virus excreted in milk
  • transmitted by boars at service
  • transplacental infection possible
  • carrier occur
  • may be activated by stress
    • transport
    • dietary change
    • farrowing
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26
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease)

Clinical Signs

Pigs < 2 weeks old

A
  • Incubation 1 week
  • sigsn related to species/age
  • Pigs
    • less than 2 weeks old
      • very susceptible
      • indistinct syndrome
      • fever, convulsive episodes, prostration
      • 100% mortality w/in a few hours of onset of clinical signs
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27
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Dz)

Clinical Signs

Piglets > 2 weeks old

A
  • Protracted course for up to a week
  • fever, anorexia
  • CNS signs
    • hindlimb incoordination
    • walk with sideways progression or circle
    • fine to coarse muscle tremors
    • lateral deviation of head
  • Respiratory signs: replicates in upper respiratory mucosa
    • Dyspnea, nasal d/c
  • 5-25% mortality
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28
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s dz)

Clinical signs

Adults

A
  • Signs vary with strain of virus
  • evidence for increasing virulence
  • if mild
    • anorexia, dullness, constipation
    • may abort/mummification/stillbirths
  • virulent straints
    • mild incoordination/fever/vomit
    • resp sympt
    • sneezing/nasal d/c
    • coughing/severe dyspnea
  • development of incoordination, paralysis
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29
Q

Pseudorabies control and eradication

A
  • Marker vaccines: delete part of genome
  • DIVA principle
    • differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals
  • Vaccination alone doesn’t usually prevent infection, but prevents disease
  • US eradicated pseudorabies with gene deleted vaccines
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30
Q

Pseudorabies in other species

A
  • Swine disease that jumps hosts: mad itch
  • Cattle, sheep, cats, dogs
    • sudden death
    • intense local pruritis is cardinal sign
    • nibbling, biting, self mutilation
    • excitement, convulsions
    • dead end host
  • dDx: rabies
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31
Q

Pseudorabies in Dogs

A
  • Associated with hunting of feral pigs or feeding infected meat to dogs
  • mad itch
  • relatively common in FL
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32
Q

Equine Herpesvirus 4

(Equine Rhinopneumonitis)

A
  • Incidence and Occurrence
    • infection of horses worldwide
  • Clinical Signs
    • Fever (102-107 F)
    • Serous nasal d/c
    • Depression
    • Anorexia
    • Pharyngitis
    • Cough
    • Submandibular/retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy
    • Secondary bacterial infection
      • pneumonia
      • mucopurulent nasal d/c

*EHV1 will also do all of above things

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33
Q

EHV1

Equine Abortion/Myeloencephalitis

A
  • associate this with abortion!
  • Incidence worldwide
  • Etiology
    • abortion and neurological dz
  • Pathogenesis
    • droplet infection => virus replication in upper resp tract
    • Leukocyte-associated viremic spread to other tissues (CNS/uterus/fetus)
      • fetus fresh when expelled
      • generalized infection of fetus
      • virus can be isolated from liver
34
Q

EHV1

three primary manifestations

A
  • Neurologic dz
  • Upper respiratory dz
  • Abortion (late term)
35
Q

EHV1

Equine abortion/myeloencephalitis

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • non-specific
    • Respiratory
    • Abortion
      • late term
      • foals born alive will have viral pneumonia
    • neurological disease
      • mild incoordination
      • posterior paresis
        • mild
        • sitting dog
        • recumbant
        • loss of bladder and tail function
      • quadraplegia
    • death
36
Q

Herpes viruses love…

A

Neurons

Upper respiratory tract

Eyes

37
Q

EHV1

Neuro dz

A
  • ascending infection of nerve tissues seeded by viremia
  • Most horses exhibit progressive ataxia and die/are euthanized
38
Q

EHV1 and EHV4

DX

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Rhinopneumonitis (EHV1 and EHV4)
    • Abortion (EHV1 and EHV4)
    • Neurologic disease (EHV1)
  • Virus isolation
    • respiratory tract
    • blood
    • fetal and placental samples
  • serology
  • histopath: intranuclear inclusions
  • PCR: can diff EHV1 and EHV4
  • Immunofluorescence (IFA)
39
Q

EHV1 and EHV4

Prevention

A
  • Vaccination
    • multiple vaccines
      • prevent abortion
      • reduce CS
      • doesn’t prevent neuro dz
  • Quarantine and hygiene
    • confirmed cases iso for 28 days
    • avoid preg mares for 56 days (and immunocompromised animals)
40
Q

Virus detection by virus isolation

A
  • Grind up infected cells
  • Put this on happy cells
  • Cytopathic effect means test is positive for virus
41
Q

Equine herpesvirus 3

Coital exanthema

Incidence, Etiology, CS

A
  • Incidence and occurence
    • worldwide distr
    • often subclinical
    • persistence and recurrence in mares and stallions observed
  • Etiology
    • single antigenic type
  • Clinical Signs
    • Vesicles on skin of vulva or penis
      • heal in 2 weeks
    • secondary bact infection common
    • may leave pigmented areas

*Less severe disease

42
Q

Equine Coital Exanthema

(EHV3)

Transmission, Pathogenesis, Dx, Tx, Control

A
  • Transmission
    • venereal
  • Pathogenesis
    • local superficial infection
  • Diagnosis
    • virus isolation (swabs/scrapings)
    • serological dx by SN test
  • TX
    • sexual rest
    • topical antibiotics
  • Control
    • no vaccine
    • Horses w/o active lesions may not be infectious
43
Q

Canine herpesvirus 1

Epidemiology

A
  • Epidemiology
    • present worldwide in domestic and wild dogs in US and Europe
  • Seropositive rates > 30% in feral dogs
  • Kennels can have rates of infection near 100%
    • pups can be born w/o dz (maternal immunity)
44
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

Transmission/Risk Factors

A
  • Unstable in environment
    • transmission through direct contact with infectious body fluids
  • Latent after primary infection
  • Puppies 1-3 weeks old most at risk
    • influenced by degree of passive transfer
      • 2-4wks old: mild-asymptomatic
      • 4+ wks old: occasional dz
      • 6+ wks old: rare dz
  • Mortality rate high in puppies exposed during 1st week of life
    • rapid dz progression
    • most puppies die w/in 24-48 hours after onset clinical signs
45
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

CS

A
  • Puppies
    • many non-specific
    • painful abdomen
    • rash
    • hepatomegaly (or enlarged other organs)
    • CNS
  • Adult
    • asymptomatic
    • respiratory infection
    • reproductive infection
    • abortion/stillbirth of puppies
46
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

Dx

A
  • Clinical signs
  • viral culture
  • Histopath
    • intranuclear inclusions
  • necropsy
  • PCR
  • Serology +clinical signs
47
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

Necropsy

A
  • Lesions found at necropsy
    • disseminated focal necrosis and hemorrhage of organs
  • Splenomegaly
  • Diffuse LN enlargement
  • CNS lesions
48
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

TX, Prognosis

A
  • Treatment
    • Supportive care
      • heat lamp or pad
      • Tube feeding
  • Prognosis
    • poor for puppies < 3 weeks old
    • survival is rare, permanet organ damage common in survivors
49
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

Prevention

A
  • Vaccination
    • No vaccine in US
    • Killed vaccine in Europe
  • Antiserum (passive immunity)
    • must be given before exposure
    • academic exercises
  • C-section and isolation
    • mixed results
  • Sanitation, hygiene, disinfection
  • Isolation of pregnant bitches and litters
50
Q

Feline herpesvirus1

(feline viral rhinotracheitis)

Agents involved

A
  • Herpes virus (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)
  • Calicivirus
  • Chlamydophila
  • Bordetella
  • Myxoplasma

*compares to shipping fever, because it’s a complex

51
Q

Feline URI

Transmission, Epidemiology/Etiology

A
  • Transmission
    • direct contact with infected cats
    • Indirect contact with infected cats through fomites
    • aerosolization
  • Epidemiology/Etiology
    • latent component
      • recurrence
      • glucocorticoids/stress
    • multi-cat households
    • Syndromes
      • Chronic abortions in queens
      • fading kitten 2-4 weeks
      • URI anyone
52
Q

Feline URI (FHV)

Clinical Signs

A
  • Corneal ulceration
  • abortion
  • neonatal death
  • Non specific signs
53
Q

Calisi virus

A
  • ulcerative stomatitis (lesions in mouth)
    • then to lungs and joints
54
Q

Differentiation of Feline URI

A
  • Chlamydophila and mycoplasma: conjunctivitis
  • Herpesvirus: rhinitis, pharyngitis, corneal ulcers
  • Calicivirus: oral ulcers only or pneumonia
55
Q

Feline URI

Dx

A
  • History, physical exam, CS
  • Fluorescent antibody tests
    • conjuctival scrapings
    • pharyngeal swabs
    • tonsillar swabs
    • impression smears from bxs
  • Virus isolation tests (Takes too long)
    • pharyngeal
    • nasal
    • conjuctival swabs
    • tissue bxs
  • Serological assays
    • 4 fold inc in antibody titers
  • Viral nucleic acid testing
    • multiplex PCR
56
Q

Feline URI Tx

Acute

A
  • Supportive => hydration/nutrition
  • Steam/vapor
  • Corneal ulcer and conjuctivitis care
    • topical antivirals
      • Cidofovir => chain terminating nucleosides for virus
    • routine ulcer tx
  • Abx therapy
  • no glucocorticoids => we don’t want a lymphopenia
57
Q

Feline URI Tx

Chronic

A
  • Facilitate drainage of d/c
    • nasal flushes, topical decongestants, moist rooms, nasal saline
  • Chronic antibiotic therapy
    • Amoxicillin
    • Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine
    • Chloramphenicol, doxycycline
    • continue 4-6 weeks if benefits seen after 1 week
  • Lysine
  • +/- Glucocorticoids => risky
  • +/- Turbinectomy and frontal sinus ablation => last resort
58
Q

Feline URI

vaccination

A
  • vaccination (lessens severity of dz)
    • kittens 6-12 weeks until 16 weeks old (ML/killed every 3-4 weeks)
    • annual booster after initial 3 doses
  • ML vaccines should be avoided in sick or pregnant animals
  • Use more aggressive protocols in multi-cat households w/ chronic problems
59
Q

Feline URI

Prevention

A
  • Quarantine for 3 weeks
  • Keep queens with litters separate until 1-2 weeks after final vaccination dose
  • Disinfect and sanitize
  • Adequate ventilation => aerosolization big route of infection
60
Q

Avian Herpesvirus 1 (Gallid):

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus

A
  • Occurs worldwide in chickens and pheasants
  • All ages susceptible, most common in 4-18 month old
61
Q

AHV 1

Clinical Signs

A
  • mild coughing, sneezing, nasal and ocular d/c, dyspnea, lough gasping, depression
  • Pump handle respiration => raised head and neck during inspiration
  • Head shaking during coughing causes
    • bloody mucous, frank blood on beak, face, feathers
  • Low virulent straints cause
    • conjunctivitis
    • ocular discharge
    • swollen sinuses
    • low egg production
62
Q

AHV 1

Morbility/mortality

Tx/Dx

A
  • Morbidity => almost 100%
  • Mortality
    • 50-70% for virulent strains
    • 20% for low virulent strains
  • Mild enzootic form most common in production
  • Dx
    • CS
    • Confirmatory tests: PCR, ELISA
63
Q

AHV 2

Marek’s Dz virus

A
  • CS associated with lymphoproliferative syndromes
    • lymphoma w/in visceral organs and nervous system
  • Asymmetric paralysis of one/both legs/wings
    • fowl paralysis
    • incoordination an early signs
  • 3 dz manifestations
64
Q

AHV 2

3 manifestations

NAVLE

A
  • Acute Marek’s dz (Fowl paralysis)
    • extensive outbreaks in young birds
    • depression followed by ataxia and paralysis
    • significant mortality
  • Ocular lymphomatosis
    • rare
    • causes graying of iris and blindness
  • Cutaneous Marek’s dz (redleg syndrome)
    • round, nodular lesions along feathered skin
    • red coloration down legs
65
Q
A

AHV 2

66
Q

AHV 2

Mortality

Dx

A
  • W/O vaccination mortality up to 80% in birds 2-5 months old
  • Dx
    • PE
    • Signalment
    • CS
    • gross necropsy
  • Confirm Dx by histopath
  • Viral antigen detected by
    • immunofluorescence
67
Q

AHV 2

Vaccination

A
  • In ovo vaccination at 18 days is standard
    • Parenteral vaccination in 1 day old chicks also possible
  • Vaccination dec
    • lymphoproliferative syndromes
    • neoplastic lesions in visceral organs
  • vaccination doesn’t dec
    • peripheral neuro dz
  • viral strains developing resistance => requires updated vaccines
68
Q

Alpha herpes virus recap

A
  • love neurons
  • URIs
69
Q

Beta and Gammaherpesviruses like…

A
  • WBCs
70
Q

Betaherpesvirinae

A
  • Human herpesvirus 5
  • Human herpesvirus 6
  • Human herpesvirus 7
  • Bovine herpesvirus 3
  • Porcien (Suid) herpesvirus 2
  • Murid Herpesviruses 1 and 2
  • Elephantid Herpesvirus
71
Q

Porcine (Suid) Herpesvirus 2:

Porcine Cytomegalovirus Virus/

Inclusion body rhinitis

A
  • Enzoonotic in swine herds worldwide
    • 90% of swine in enzootic herds may carry virus
  • CS generally occur with intro of stress/conc dz
  • Rhinitis occurs up to 10 weeks of age, then become subclinical
  • Most severe in pigs < 2 weeks old
72
Q

SHV 2

CS

TX

DX

A
  • CS
    • sneezing, coughing, serous nasal d/c, ocular d/c, depression
    • d/c becomes mucopurulent (when concurrent with bacteria) and interferes with suckling
    • piglets undergo rapid weightloss, die w/in days; survivors stunted
  • Tx
    • generally horizontal
    • can be transplacental
      • hysterotomy possible, not usually done
  • Dx
    • histologically see large basophiic intranuclear inclusions in turbinate mucosa
      • inclusion body rhinitis
73
Q

Elephantid Herpesvirus

A
  • big problem, very virulent
74
Q

Gammaherpesvirinae

A
  • Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1: Bovine Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Ovine herpesvirus 2: Bovine Malignant Catarrhal fever
75
Q

Remeber Monkey Virus B

A

Found in Macaques, if jumps to Humans very very nasty

76
Q

Remember Human Herpes virus 1

A
  • if jumps to marmosets very nasty and lethal
77
Q

Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever

About

A
  • Wildebeest and sheep asymptomatic shedders
  • Sheep assoc OvHV-2 passed to cattle, bison, deer (USA)
  • Wildebeast assoc AlcHV-1 passed to cattle and other ungulates (Africa/Zoos) (USA)
78
Q

Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Dx indicators

A
  • snotsiekte (Afrikans)
  • Bilateral corneal opacity
  • 100% mortality but morbidity is low
79
Q
A

Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever

80
Q

Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Manifestations

A
  • Acute
    • highly fatal lymphoproliferative dz
    • catarrhal inflammation of URT and GI mucosa
    • keratoconjunctivitis
    • encephalitis
    • Lymph Node enlargement
  • Peracute forms
    • high fever
    • dyspnea
    • acute gastroenteritis
    • death in 1-3 days
  • Head and eye
    • high persistent fever (up to 107F)
    • listlessness
    • rapid pulse
    • profuse mucopurulent nasal d/c
    • dyspnea
    • CNS signs
    • lymphadenopathy
    • corneal opacity
    • death in 3-4 days
81
Q

Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Transmission

Diagnosis

Control

A
  • African-type tx assoc with calving
  • N. American-type associated with sheep at lambing
  • Dx presumptive
    • hx, CS
    • PCR available
  • Tx
    • none
  • Control
    • separate wildebeest, sheep, cattle
82
Q

Herpes virus conclusion

test questions

A
  • Ancient, successful viruses: vertebrates and invertebrates
  • Conserved Virion Morphology
    • enveloped, icosahedral capsid
  • Induce typical microscopic lesions
    • nuclear inclusions
  • Host specific
    • usually self-limiting infections
    • serious dz in immunocompromised or novel hosts
  • Latency => persist in host
  • Recrudesce => times of stress/life-long shedding
  • Dz caused by alpha, beta, gamma herpesviruses

Microbio-virology (8 decks)

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