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Reproductive Physiology > Parturition > Flashcards

Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the signs of approching parturition

A

development of mammary gland
relaxation of muscles around tail head and vulva
mucus discharge from breakdown of cervical seal
anorexia
isolation
restlessness
waxing, drying teat secretion in mare
placenta showing and cervical dilation

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2
Q

what are the factors that influence length of gestation

A

species and breed
sex of the fetus
# of fetuses
genetic influence
age of dam
season of birth

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3
Q

how does species and breed affect length of gestation

A

beef- 283
dairy- 280
brown swiss- 288-290
sheep- 147
swine- 114
equine- 340 draft/ponies-345

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4
Q

how does sex of the fetus affect length of gestation

A

horses and cattle male fetus results in 1.5 days longer

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5
Q

how does # of fetuses present affect gestation length

A

cattle twins 5.5 days shorter
equine twins 10 days shorter
sheep triplets or quads 1-2 shorter
swine no difference

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6
Q

how does genetic influence affect gestational legth

A

recessive genes that prevents delivery at normal time
calves have to be taken via cesarean

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7
Q

how does age of dam affect gestational length

A

heifers shorter than cows

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8
Q

how does season of birth affect gestational length

A

mares with extended photoperiod (70 days) in last trimester of pregnancy have a shorter gestation length- 10 days

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9
Q

what are the 3 stages of parturition

A

1- dilation of the cervix
2- delivery of the fetus
3- expulsion of the placenta

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10
Q

how does fetus present at time of delivery

A

fetus is carried on side or back
the fetus rotates at time of parturition

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11
Q

what is circadian rhythm

A

biological event associated with time
86% foal between 7 pm- 7 am
cattle have an even distribution throughout the day
sheep lambs born during the day than at night

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12
Q

what is one way that dystocia will happen in regard to maternal

A

maternal abnormalities
small pelvic size
tumors in repro
twisted uterus
uterine inertia
failure of cervix to dilate

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13
Q

what is one way that dystocia will happen in regard to fetal

A

excessive fetal size in relation to dam pelvic
abnormalities of presentation (breech)
twins
stiff fetal joints

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14
Q

for dystocia when should assistance be provided

A

calving hasn’t occurred within 2 hours of showing membranes
dam stops her efforts
head is visible with blue tongue

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15
Q

for dystocia what are the steps to take when assisting

A

scrub up
check cervical dilation
check to see if fetus is alive
check pelvic size/area
check position of the calf

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16
Q

for dystocia what are abnormal deliveries

A

hind legs first
breech (butt first)
head turned back

17
Q

how do you pull a calf

A

chains- 1 leg/chain. double loop (cannon bone and pastern) pull calf straight out and down

18
Q

what are some things to remember when helping deliver after dystocia

A

dont tear the placenta as it provides lubrication
check for twins or triplets (depends on species)
dystocia problems in all species decreases colostrum absorption

19
Q

what are some factors associated with retained placentas in farm animals

A

multiple births
short gestations
induced parturition
selenium deficiency
vitamin A deficiency

20
Q

how to treat retained placentas

A

mares- oxytocin
cows- uterine boluses and tetracycline packets

21
Q

what are 3 hormones administered for retained placentas

A

PGF2alphs- 2 hours after birth can reduce incidence
oxytocin- sometimes work
GnRH- given 8-14 days after calving in cows that experineced placental retention does reduce the days open but can cause cystic follicles

22
Q

how does the fetus initiate parturition

A

space limitations in the uterus cause the release of cortisol from the fetus
cortisol release from the fetus initiates 2 major events- removal of progesterone block from myometrium and switch to estrogen production stimulates repro tract secretions

23
Q

how does cortisol remove progesterone block from myometrium

A

cortisol promotes synthesis of enzymes that convert progesterone to estrogen

24
Q

how does progesterone change for parturition

A

starts to decline 2-3 days before parturition
declines rapidly within hrs of parturition
enzyme like changes in the placenta causes increasing estrogen levels

25
Q

how does estrogen change for parturition

A

product of enzymatically converted progesterone
recruits oxytocin receptors
causes thin mucus-like secretion for lubrication

26
Q

what does oxytocin do for parturition

A

levels increase at time of delivery to cause uterine contractions

27
Q

what does PGF2alpha do for parturition

A

released 24 hours before rapid drop in progesterone
maximal release at onset of labor
stimulates release of relaxin by the corpus luteum to relax the birth canal

28
Q
A

Reproductive Physiology (19 decks)

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