Ejacultion, Semen Collection and Evaluation Flashcards
what is ejaculation
the reflex expulsion of spermatozoa and seminal plasma from the male repro tract
basic mechanisms for ejaculation remain similar among all mammals
what are the 4 primary mechanism of ejaculation
1- intromission
2- stimulation of the glans penis
3- emission
4- forceful muscle contractions
what is the 1st step in ejaculation process
intromission- insertion of the penis into the vagina
what is the 2nd step in ejaculation process
stimulation of the glans penis
neural impulses are transmitted from the glans penis to the spinal cord
firing of spinal nerves leads to contractions in the epididymis and vas deferens
semes is forces into urethra
what is the 3rd step in the ejaculation process
emission- movement of seminal fluids from accessory sex glands into the pelvic urethra for mixture with sperm cells
what is the 4th step of the ejaculation process
forceful muscle contractions
the urethralis (pelvic urethra), ischiocavernous and bulbspongiosous muscles contract to expel semen
what are the 5 methods used for the collection of semen
1- artificial vagina
2- electroejaculation
3- glove-hand method
4- condom
5- digital manipulation
how does the artificial vagina work
simulates the vagina during natural mating. sensory stimulation of the glans penis
filled with warm water. body temp and internal pressure
what animals can use an artificial vagina
rams
bucks
bulls
boars
stallions
what are disadvantages of artificial vagina
requires a dummy female or a female in estrus
males must be trained
shy or crippled males can present a problem
how does the process of electroejaculation work
stimulation of the accessory sex glands and pelvic urethra
the brain of the male is simply by- passed
overstimulation of the sex glands leads to excessive semen volume
what animals can be used for electroejaculation
bulls
rams
boars
NEVER STALLIONS
what are disadvantages of electroejaculation
males that cannot perform mounting and ejaculation such as crippled or infantile penis
what animal is used for glove-hand method
most commonly in boars
how does the glove-hand method work
pressure is applied to glans penis to stimulate pressure of the cervix during mating
what is advantage of glove-hand method
representative sample can be achieved
what is disadvantage of glove-hand method
process takes about 5-10 minutes
what animal is used for digital manipulation
poultry and dogs
how does digital manipulation work
tech uses hand to stimulate the penis (dog) or papillae (tom) and cause ejaculation
what is advantage of digital manipulation
representative sample can be achieved
what is disadvantage of digital manipulation
process can be time consuming in dogs
what is volume and concentration of boars
volume- 200-250ml
concentration- 0.3 billion/ml
what is volume and concentration of bull
volume- 5-8 ml
concentration- 1 billion/ml
what is the volume and concentration of ram
volume- 0.5-1 ml
concentration- 3 billion/ml
what is the volume and concentration of stallion
volume- 70-120 ml
concentration- 0.3 billion/ml
what is the volume and concentration of dog
volume- 2-3 ml
concentration- 0.3 billion/ml
what is the volume and concentration of tom (cat)
volume- 0.2-0.5 ml
concentration- 0.5 billion/ml
what is the volume and concentration of human
volume- 3-5 ml
concentration- 0.1 billion/ml
what is the volume and concentration of cock
volume- 0.5 ml
concentration- 4 billion/ml
what animal has the highest total number of sperm cells/ ejaculate
boar
what animal has the highest sperm cell concentration ejaculate in mammals
ram
what techniques are for determining sperm cell concentration in the semen
visual appraisal
spectrophotometer
hemocytometer
what is a good % of progressive motility refers to the forward movement of sperm cells and what is bad
good- higher than 60%
bad- lower than 60%
what is the % of abnormal cells considered acceptable
5-15
