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Reproductive Physiology > Female Mammalian Repro > Flashcards

Female Mammalian Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what determines phenotypic sex

A

two sex chromosomes are present in the embryo
sex chromosomes in the fertilizing sperm cell determines

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2
Q

what is the phenotype for male

A

XY

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3
Q

what is the phenotype for female

A

XX

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4
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

X_
develop as a female, but do not grow normal

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5
Q

what is Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

XXY
phenotypically male, but breast development occurs

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6
Q

where do primordial germ cells originate in?

A

the early embryonic yolk sac

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7
Q

what do primordial germ cells turn into?

A

form into spermatogonium in the male
oogonia in the female

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8
Q

what initiates gonadgenesis

A

gonadgenesis (development of the gonad-uterus or testicles)
initiated after the primordial germ cells arrive at the undifferentiated gonadal ridge

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9
Q

what happens when XY male starts to develop

A

produces testis determining factor (TDF)

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10
Q

what happens after TDF in male development

A

testes development

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11
Q

what happens after the testes develop in male

A

Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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12
Q

what happens after serotil cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

A

AMH causes leydig cells to differentiate

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13
Q

what 2 things happen after AMH causes leydig cells cells to differentiate into what

A

testosterone which turns into the development of male duct system
dihydrotestosterone which turns into the development of penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands

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14
Q

what happens when XX female start to develop

A

no TDF therefor ovaries develop and there will be no AMH produces so the paramesonephric ducts become the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of the vagina which will complete female tract

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15
Q

what is intersex free martin

A

occurs when a heifer (XX) is born twin to a bull (XY)
they share placental membranes and fluids during pregnancy which causes the male TDF hormone go into the female which causes the female to become infertile (90% of time) because the ovaries do not develop properly and males has reduced fertility

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16
Q

what is the serosa layer of the female reproductive system

A

single layer of flattened squamous cells that cover the surface

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17
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the female reproductive system

A

smooth muscle layers consisting of outer longitudinal and inner circular which is necessary for contractions

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18
Q

what is muscularsis is often referred to as what

A

myometrium of the uterus

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19
Q

what is the submucosa layer of the female reproductive system

A

houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, supports the mucosa layer

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20
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the female reproductive tract

A

secretory layer of epithelium. each part has a different function, depending on the location

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21
Q

what is the submucosa and mucosa often referred to as

A

endometrium of the uterus

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22
Q

how many broad ligaments suspended the pelvic cavity of the female reproductive tract

A

3

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23
Q

what are the three broad ligaments of the female reproductive tract

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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24
Q

what does the mesovarium do

A

suspends the ovaries

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25
Q

what does the mesosalpinx do

A

suspends the oviducts

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26
Q

what does the mesometrium do

A

suspends the uterus and all parts posterior to the uterus

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27
Q

what do the 3 broad ligament support

A

three main vessels

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28
Q

what does the uterine artery do

A

its the blood supply to the uterus

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29
Q

what does the utero-ovarian artery do

A

its the blood supply to the ovaries

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30
Q

what does the caudal uterine artery do

A

its the blood supply to vagina

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31
Q

true/false
the ovaries occur in pairs

A

true

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32
Q

what are the two things that ovaries are attached to

A

mesovarium at the hilus

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33
Q

what are the two main functions of ovaries

A

1) gametogenic- release ova
2)endocrine- produce: progesterone, oxytocin, estrogen, inhibin

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34
Q

what are monotocous

A

normally give birth to one or two offspring

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35
Q

what are polytocous

A

normally give birth to multiple offspring

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36
Q

what do the ovaries look like in monotocous animals

A

ovoid, almond, or kidney bean shape

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37
Q

what do ovaries look like in polytocous animals

A

ovary is lobulated (cluster of grapes)

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38
Q

What determines the predominate ovarian structures present (estrous cycle)

A

stages of the estrous cycle
follicular phase- follicles
luteal phase- corpora luteal

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39
Q

what is the first stage for the follicle

A

primordial follicles

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40
Q

what do primordial follicles look like

A

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells

41
Q

what is the second stage of the follicle

A

primary follicles

42
Q

what do primary follicles look like

A

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubidal cells
follicle either develops further or degenerates

43
Q

what is the third stage of an follicle

A

secondary follicles

44
Q

what does a secondary follicles look like

A

surrounded by 2+ layers of cuboidal cells
follicle still doesnt have an antrum
oocyte develops a zona pellucida

45
Q

what are the two antral follicles

A

tertiary follicles
graafian follicles

45
Q

what do antral follicles contain

A

antral follicles cell free area filled with follicular fluid aka antrum

45
Q

what is the fourth stage of an follicle what are they also called
what do they look like

A

tertiary follicles aka developing antral

46
Q

what is the corpus luteum and what is it termed
what does it look like

A

develops after the follicle ovulates
termed the yellow body

47
Q

what is the corpus albican and what is it termed
what does it look like

A

pale white structure (scar) from a regressed CL of a previous estrous cycle
termed the white body

48
Q

describe the process of an follicle

A
49
Q

explain the anatomy of the antral follicle

A
50
Q

for graafian follicles what are theca cells

A

produce adrogens

51
Q

what do adrogens do for graafian follicle

A

androgens secrete testosterone which go through the basement membrane that go to granulosis cells which then testosterone enters granulosis cells an enzyme (aromatase) turns into estrogen

52
Q

for graafian follicles what does granulosa cells do

A

take androgens and enzymatically change them to produce estrogens
develop the corpus luteum after ovulation
serve as the site of progesterone production during the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle

53
Q

what are the purpose of graafian follicules

A

develop from antral follicles which produce large amount of estrogen

54
Q

what are abnormal types of graafian follicles

A

cystic follicle which is when a graafian follicle doesn’t ovulate and as a result animal is always displaying signs of estrus ‘heat’

55
Q

what is corpus hemorrhagicum and what do they go through

A

ovulated depression filled with blood
forms from ovulated follicle on ovary
will go through lute lysis after about 2 weeks which is regression from ovary

56
Q

what does corpus luteum replace

A

replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum and the cells within produce progesterone

57
Q

explain the ovum
what is the size?
is it the largest cell in female body?
what three things does it contain

A

80-240 u in diameter
it is the largest cell in the female
contains: zona pellucida, perivitelline space, and vitelline membrane

58
Q

what are the 3 portions of the oviduct

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus

59
Q

what does the infundibulum do

A

funnel shaped opening into the oviduct contains a fimbria or lace like structure which is used to catch the ova at ovulation

60
Q

what does the ampulla do and where is it located

A

upper half of the oviduct
contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells

61
Q

what does the isthmus do and where is it located

A

lower portion of the oviduct
thicker muscularis

62
Q

where does fertilization takes place

A

at the ampulla/isthmus junction

63
Q

how long is the ova in the oviduct for

A

3-6 days

64
Q

what would happen if ova moved any faster in oviduct and why

A

the oviduct would die
if the ova moved any faster or slower the environment would not be suitable

65
Q

what ensures that the ova stays in the appropriate location

A

ciliated columnar cells and the muscularis layers

66
Q

how does the oviduct have a closed hydrostatic system

A

it transports sperm up the oviduct and the ova down the oviduct

67
Q

what could cause infertility in women (specific to oviduct)

A

blockage of the oviduct
ex: endometriosis :(

68
Q

what are the three types of uteruses

A

duplex
bicornuate
simplex

69
Q

what is a duplex uterus

A

has two cervices for each oviduct

70
Q

what is the bicornuate type of uterus
which animals have this

A

poorly to moderately developed uterine horns
has 1 cervix
mares and cows

71
Q

what is a simplex uterus
what animals have this

A

no uterine horns
humans

72
Q

what are the 4 functions of the uterus

A

1) passage way for sperm cells
2) produces histotrophe termed uterine milk
3) supplies nutrients and eliminates waste products
4) expels the fetus at parturition

73
Q

what are the 2 layers of the uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium

74
Q

what does the endometrium consist of

A

mucosa and submucosa

75
Q

explain the oviduct (picture)

A
76
Q

what does the endometrium line

A

lines the lumen

77
Q

what are the two things that are located in the endometrium

A

uterine glands and caruncles

78
Q

explain endometrium (picture)

A
79
Q

what do the caruncles do in endometrium

A

specific site of placental attachment

80
Q

what do the caruncles interact with

A

fetal cotyledons

81
Q

what is a placentome

A

combination of a caruncle and cotyledon during pregnancy

82
Q

what part of the uterus sloughs off 2 days after heat and why

A

endometrium due to rupture of blood vessels following elevated estrogen from ovulating graafian follicle

83
Q

what is the myometrium comprised of

A

comprised of the inner circle and outer longitudinal muscle layers

84
Q

what is responsible for uterine contractions

A

myometrium via peristalsis

85
Q

how does uterine contractions which follow genital stimulation happen
how does endocrine system help with this

A

aid in sperm transports and expulsion of the fetus
oxytocin from stimulation causes uterine contractions, but it works best when combined with estrogen
work together synergistically

86
Q

what are the 4 types of cervixes

A

1-transverse folds
2-spiral arrangement
3-longitudinal folds
4-single ring

87
Q

explain transverse fold cervix
which animals have it

A

fornix vagina (FX) is the cervical/vaginal junction
has multiple rings
characteristic of sheep and cattle

88
Q

explain spiral arrangement cervix
which animals have it

A

characteristic of the sow (pig)
no fornix is present
boar has a glans penis which has a spiral arrangement (corkscrew) and needs pressure for ejaculation

89
Q

explain longitudinal folds cervix
what type of animal has it

A

characteristic of the mare
enlarges during estrus or heat

90
Q

explain the single ring cervix
which animal has it

A

characteristic of the bitch

91
Q

what does the cervix secrete
what are the two hormones that are used

A

mucus like secretion from the cervical mucosa
estrogen and progesterone

92
Q

explain what happens when the cervix has estrogen

A

thin mucus like secretion which allows semen passage and fertilization

93
Q

what happens when the cervix has progesterone

A

thick mucus like secretion which creates a cervical seal and prevents entrance of bacteria into the uterus

94
Q

what is the vagina used for

A

copulatory organ of the female- where penis deposits semen

95
Q

what is vaginal prolapse

A

protrusion of the vagina through vulva (internal to external)

96
Q

what is the vestibule and where is it located

A

spans from the hymen to the vulva
location of the vestibular gland, which aid in lubrication of the vestibule and vagina for natural mating

97
Q

what is the vulva and what does it contain

A

capable of secretions
contains the clitoris which is homologous to the penis
consists of left labia and right labia
separated from the anus by the cutaneous bridge

Reproductive Physiology (19 decks)

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