Female Mammalian Repro Flashcards
what determines phenotypic sex
two sex chromosomes are present in the embryo
sex chromosomes in the fertilizing sperm cell determines
what is the phenotype for male
XY
what is the phenotype for female
XX
what is turner syndrome
X_
develop as a female, but do not grow normal
what is Klinefelter’s syndrome
XXY
phenotypically male, but breast development occurs
where do primordial germ cells originate in?
the early embryonic yolk sac
what do primordial germ cells turn into?
form into spermatogonium in the male
oogonia in the female
what initiates gonadgenesis
gonadgenesis (development of the gonad-uterus or testicles)
initiated after the primordial germ cells arrive at the undifferentiated gonadal ridge
what happens when XY male starts to develop
produces testis determining factor (TDF)
what happens after TDF in male development
testes development
what happens after the testes develop in male
Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
what happens after serotil cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
AMH causes leydig cells to differentiate
what 2 things happen after AMH causes leydig cells cells to differentiate into what
testosterone which turns into the development of male duct system
dihydrotestosterone which turns into the development of penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands
what happens when XX female start to develop
no TDF therefor ovaries develop and there will be no AMH produces so the paramesonephric ducts become the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of the vagina which will complete female tract
what is intersex free martin
occurs when a heifer (XX) is born twin to a bull (XY)
they share placental membranes and fluids during pregnancy which causes the male TDF hormone go into the female which causes the female to become infertile (90% of time) because the ovaries do not develop properly and males has reduced fertility
what is the serosa layer of the female reproductive system
single layer of flattened squamous cells that cover the surface
what is the muscularis layer of the female reproductive system
smooth muscle layers consisting of outer longitudinal and inner circular which is necessary for contractions
what is muscularsis is often referred to as what
myometrium of the uterus
what is the submucosa layer of the female reproductive system
houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, supports the mucosa layer
what is the mucosa layer of the female reproductive tract
secretory layer of epithelium. each part has a different function, depending on the location
what is the submucosa and mucosa often referred to as
endometrium of the uterus
how many broad ligaments suspended the pelvic cavity of the female reproductive tract
3
what are the three broad ligaments of the female reproductive tract
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium
what does the mesovarium do
suspends the ovaries
what does the mesosalpinx do
suspends the oviducts
what does the mesometrium do
suspends the uterus and all parts posterior to the uterus
what do the 3 broad ligament support
three main vessels
what does the uterine artery do
its the blood supply to the uterus
what does the utero-ovarian artery do
its the blood supply to the ovaries
what does the caudal uterine artery do
its the blood supply to vagina
true/false
the ovaries occur in pairs
true
what are the two things that ovaries are attached to
mesovarium at the hilus
what are the two main functions of ovaries
1) gametogenic- release ova
2)endocrine- produce: progesterone, oxytocin, estrogen, inhibin
what are monotocous
normally give birth to one or two offspring
what are polytocous
normally give birth to multiple offspring
what do the ovaries look like in monotocous animals
ovoid, almond, or kidney bean shape
what do ovaries look like in polytocous animals
ovary is lobulated (cluster of grapes)
What determines the predominate ovarian structures present (estrous cycle)
stages of the estrous cycle
follicular phase- follicles
luteal phase- corpora luteal
what is the first stage for the follicle
primordial follicles
what do primordial follicles look like
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells
what is the second stage of the follicle
primary follicles
what do primary follicles look like
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubidal cells
follicle either develops further or degenerates
what is the third stage of an follicle
secondary follicles
what does a secondary follicles look like
surrounded by 2+ layers of cuboidal cells
follicle still doesnt have an antrum
oocyte develops a zona pellucida
what are the two antral follicles
tertiary follicles
graafian follicles
what do antral follicles contain
antral follicles cell free area filled with follicular fluid aka antrum
what is the fourth stage of an follicle what are they also called
what do they look like
tertiary follicles aka developing antral
what is the corpus luteum and what is it termed
what does it look like
develops after the follicle ovulates
termed the yellow body
what is the corpus albican and what is it termed
what does it look like
pale white structure (scar) from a regressed CL of a previous estrous cycle
termed the white body
describe the process of an follicle
explain the anatomy of the antral follicle
for graafian follicles what are theca cells
produce adrogens
what do adrogens do for graafian follicle
androgens secrete testosterone which go through the basement membrane that go to granulosis cells which then testosterone enters granulosis cells an enzyme (aromatase) turns into estrogen
for graafian follicles what does granulosa cells do
take androgens and enzymatically change them to produce estrogens
develop the corpus luteum after ovulation
serve as the site of progesterone production during the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle
what are the purpose of graafian follicules
develop from antral follicles which produce large amount of estrogen
what are abnormal types of graafian follicles
cystic follicle which is when a graafian follicle doesn’t ovulate and as a result animal is always displaying signs of estrus ‘heat’
what is corpus hemorrhagicum and what do they go through
ovulated depression filled with blood
forms from ovulated follicle on ovary
will go through lute lysis after about 2 weeks which is regression from ovary
what does corpus luteum replace
replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum and the cells within produce progesterone
explain the ovum
what is the size?
is it the largest cell in female body?
what three things does it contain
80-240 u in diameter
it is the largest cell in the female
contains: zona pellucida, perivitelline space, and vitelline membrane
what are the 3 portions of the oviduct
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
what does the infundibulum do
funnel shaped opening into the oviduct contains a fimbria or lace like structure which is used to catch the ova at ovulation
what does the ampulla do and where is it located
upper half of the oviduct
contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells
what does the isthmus do and where is it located
lower portion of the oviduct
thicker muscularis
where does fertilization takes place
at the ampulla/isthmus junction
how long is the ova in the oviduct for
3-6 days
what would happen if ova moved any faster in oviduct and why
the oviduct would die
if the ova moved any faster or slower the environment would not be suitable
what ensures that the ova stays in the appropriate location
ciliated columnar cells and the muscularis layers
how does the oviduct have a closed hydrostatic system
it transports sperm up the oviduct and the ova down the oviduct
what could cause infertility in women (specific to oviduct)
blockage of the oviduct
ex: endometriosis :(
what are the three types of uteruses
duplex
bicornuate
simplex
what is a duplex uterus
has two cervices for each oviduct
what is the bicornuate type of uterus
which animals have this
poorly to moderately developed uterine horns
has 1 cervix
mares and cows
what is a simplex uterus
what animals have this
no uterine horns
humans
what are the 4 functions of the uterus
1) passage way for sperm cells
2) produces histotrophe termed uterine milk
3) supplies nutrients and eliminates waste products
4) expels the fetus at parturition
what are the 2 layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
what does the endometrium consist of
mucosa and submucosa
explain the oviduct (picture)
what does the endometrium line
lines the lumen
what are the two things that are located in the endometrium
uterine glands and caruncles
explain endometrium (picture)
what do the caruncles do in endometrium
specific site of placental attachment
what do the caruncles interact with
fetal cotyledons
what is a placentome
combination of a caruncle and cotyledon during pregnancy
what part of the uterus sloughs off 2 days after heat and why
endometrium due to rupture of blood vessels following elevated estrogen from ovulating graafian follicle
what is the myometrium comprised of
comprised of the inner circle and outer longitudinal muscle layers
what is responsible for uterine contractions
myometrium via peristalsis
how does uterine contractions which follow genital stimulation happen
how does endocrine system help with this
aid in sperm transports and expulsion of the fetus
oxytocin from stimulation causes uterine contractions, but it works best when combined with estrogen
work together synergistically
what are the 4 types of cervixes
1-transverse folds
2-spiral arrangement
3-longitudinal folds
4-single ring
explain transverse fold cervix
which animals have it
fornix vagina (FX) is the cervical/vaginal junction
has multiple rings
characteristic of sheep and cattle
explain spiral arrangement cervix
which animals have it
characteristic of the sow (pig)
no fornix is present
boar has a glans penis which has a spiral arrangement (corkscrew) and needs pressure for ejaculation
explain longitudinal folds cervix
what type of animal has it
characteristic of the mare
enlarges during estrus or heat
explain the single ring cervix
which animal has it
characteristic of the bitch
what does the cervix secrete
what are the two hormones that are used
mucus like secretion from the cervical mucosa
estrogen and progesterone
explain what happens when the cervix has estrogen
thin mucus like secretion which allows semen passage and fertilization
what happens when the cervix has progesterone
thick mucus like secretion which creates a cervical seal and prevents entrance of bacteria into the uterus
what is the vagina used for
copulatory organ of the female- where penis deposits semen
what is vaginal prolapse
protrusion of the vagina through vulva (internal to external)
what is the vestibule and where is it located
spans from the hymen to the vulva
location of the vestibular gland, which aid in lubrication of the vestibule and vagina for natural mating
what is the vulva and what does it contain
capable of secretions
contains the clitoris which is homologous to the penis
consists of left labia and right labia
separated from the anus by the cutaneous bridge
