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Cell > Parts of the cell > Flashcards

Parts of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the MOST abundant macromolecule in the cell?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic Acids

A

C

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2
Q

Which is a function of the integral membrane proteins of the plasma membrane?

A. Surface coat for cell to cell recognition
B. Permeability to lipid soluble substances
C. Flexibility
D. Transport of substances

A

D

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3
Q

Which cellular structure is double-membraned?

A. Cell membrane
B. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi complex
D. Lysosomes

A

B

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4
Q

Which is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A. Oxidation of long-chain fatty acids
B. Digestion of senescent cellular organelles
C. Detoxification of alcohol, drugs and toxins
D. Synthesis of proteins for internal use

A

C

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5
Q

Which enzymes are found in lysosomes?

A. Peroxidases
B. Oxidases
C. Catalases
D. Hydrolases

A

D

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6
Q

Which structure arises from the centrioles?

A. Cilia
B. Microvilli
C. Stereocilia
D. Glycocalyx

A

A

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7
Q

Which inclusions are abundant in steroid hormone-secreting cells?

A. Glycogen granules
B. Lipid droplets
C. Lipofuscin granules
D. Charcot crystals

A

B

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8
Q

Which cytoskeletal element, when identified, can help in the diagnosis of an undifferentiated tumor?

A. Actin filament
B. Myosin filament
C. Microtubules
D. Intermediate filament

A

D

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9
Q

Which organelle is believed to initiate apoptosis?

A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Centriole

A

C

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10
Q

Which organelle is likely to be defective in a patient with myopathy?

A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Glycogen granules
C. Golgi complex
D. Mitochondria

A

D

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11
Q

What is the dye routinely used for light miscroscopy?

A

H&E (Hematoxylyn & eosin)

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12
Q

What color is eosin?

A

Red/pink

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13
Q

What color is hematoxylyn?

A

Blue

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14
Q

Hematoxylin stains which kind of structures?

A

Acidic

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15
Q

Eosin stains which kind of structures?

A

Basic

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16
Q

An organelle with predominant carboxylic protein component stains which color?

A

Blue

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17
Q

Nucleic acids stain which color?

A

Blue

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18
Q

An organelle with predominant amino protein component stains which color?

A

Red/pink

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19
Q

Which macromolecules are not stained by H&E?

A

Fats and carbohydrates

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20
Q

What is the first step in tissue preparation?

A

Fixation, immersing the specimens in fixatives

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21
Q

Formalin is how many percent formaldehyde?

A

37%

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22
Q

What fixative is usually used for H&E preparation?

A

Formalin

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23
Q

After fixation, the specimen is paced in a solid medium for sectioning. This step is called what?

A

Embedding

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24
Q

How are specimens dehydrated for embedding during tissue preparation?

A

They are immersed in 70-100% alcohol graded series to remove the water

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25
Q

After dehydration, what is done to the specimen during tissue preparation?

A

Clearing, it is bathed in solvent miscible to alcohol to remove the alcohol

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26
Q

After clearing, what is done to the specimen during tissue preparation?

A

It is placed in paraffin for light microscope use

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27
Q

Which structure is usually used to estimate the size of other structures in histological specimens?

A

RBC

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28
Q

What is the estimated size of RBCs?

A

7.74 micrometers

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29
Q

Mitochondria is abundant in tissues with high metabolism. T/F

A

T

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30
Q

Mitochondria is stained which color in H&E preparations?

A

Pink

It is a basic structure

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31
Q

Where in the mitochondria is the intermembrane space?

A

Between the inner and outer membranes

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32
Q

What are cristae?

A

Fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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33
Q

The small circular DNA of the mitochondria is located in where?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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34
Q

Which part of the Golgi apparatus is its concave side: Cis or trans?

A

Trans

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35
Q

Which part of the Golgi apparatus is its convex part: cis or trans?

A

Cis

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36
Q

The cis part of the Golgi apparatus is where vesicles leave the cell. T/F

A

F

It is the part that receives transport vesicles

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37
Q

SER is stained which color in H&E preparation?

A

Pink

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38
Q

Which organelle stores Ca ions?

A

SER

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39
Q

Which organelle secretes lipids?

A

SER

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40
Q

RER s stained which color in H&E preparation?

A

Blue

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41
Q

Which organelle secretes proteins?

A

RER

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42
Q

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Lysozome

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43
Q

Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes?

A

Perixosomes

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44
Q

Ribosomes in the RER secrete proteins for what while those in the cytoplasm secrete them for what?

A

RER - for membrane synthesis

cytoplasm - for cystosol

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45
Q

Which subunits constitute a ribosome?

A

Small and large subunits

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46
Q

Which organelles are attacked by antibiotics?

A

Ribosomes

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47
Q

The “wear and tear” pigment

A

Lipofuscin

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48
Q

Which structures form the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, actin (micro) filaments, intermediate filaments

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49
Q

Which molecules make up microtubules?

A

Dimeric tubulin molecules: alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

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50
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton grow from y-tubulin rings?

A

Microtubules

51
Q

Which cytoskeletal component is involved in intracellular vesicular transport?

A

Microtubules

52
Q

Which cytoskeletal component composes cilia and flagella?

A

MIcrotubules

53
Q

Which cytoskeletal component is involved in elongation and movement of cells?

A

Microtubules

54
Q

Which cytoskeletal component is involved in maintenance of cell shape?

A

Microtubules

55
Q

Which motor proteins are associated with microtubules?

A

Dyneins and kinesins

56
Q

Which dyenin is present in cillia and flagella?

A

Axonemal dynein

57
Q

To which direction does dynein move microtubules?

A

To the minus end of the tubule

58
Q

To which direction does kinesin move microtubules?

A

To the plus end of the tubule

59
Q

Which motor protein moves the microtubule towards the tubule’s minus end?

60
Q

Which motor protein moves the microtubule towards the tubule’s plus end?

61
Q

Which motor protein assists microtubules in moving organelles from cell periphery to MTOC?

62
Q

Which motor protein assists microtubules in moving organelles from cell center toward cell periphery?

63
Q

Which actin molecules constitute microfilaments?

A

G-actin and F-actin

64
Q

Which motor proteins are associated with actin?

65
Q

Which cytosekeletal component constitute the structural core of microvilli?

A

Actin /micro filament

66
Q

Which cytoskeletal component anchor and move membrane protein?

A

Actin /micro filament

67
Q

Which cytoskeletal component is responsible for locomotion?

A

Actin /micro filament

68
Q

Which cytoskeletal component is responsible for extension of cell processes?

A

Actin /micro filament

69
Q

Which cytoskeletal component has heterogeneous components?

A

Intermediate filaments

70
Q

The iron-storage complex found within the cytoplams of many cells

A. Lupofuscin
B. Glycogen
C. Hemosiderin
D. Lipid inclusions
E. Crystalline inclusions
71
Q

What organelle/s is/are responsible for basophilia in the cytoplasm in protein secreting cells?

A. lysosomes
B. ribosomes
C. smooth ER
D. centrioles

72
Q

What structure/s is/are richly found in phagocytic cells?

A. nucleoli
B. rough ER
C. smooth ER
D. lysosomes

73
Q

What cytoskeletal elements are responsible for keeping the microvilli upright and rigid?

A. microtubules
B. actin filaments
C. keratin filaments
D. vimentin filaments

74
Q

What component of the cell membrane is responsible for its fluidity?

A. phospholipid bilayer
B. integral proteins
C. glycocalyx
D. peripheral proteins

75
Q

Which cytoplasmic inclusion is abundant in long-
lived aged cells?

A. glycogen granules
B. melanin granules
C. lipofuscin granules
D. lipid droplets

76
Q

Two types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

77
Q

Which molecule signals apoptosis?

A. Phosophatidyloserine
B. Desmosine
C. Isodesmosine
D. Lipofuscin

78
Q

Which chromatin stains lightly in H&E?

A

Euchromatin

79
Q

Why does euchromatin stain lightly while heterochromatin stains basophilic in H&E?

A

Because euchromatin is actively dividing while heterochromatin is at rest.

80
Q

Which chromatin stains basophilic in H&E?

A

Heterochromatin

81
Q

Euchromatin is numerous in lymphocyte nucleus. T/F

A

F

It is numerous in nerve and liver cell nucleus. Heterochromatin is numerous in lymphocyte nucleus.

82
Q

Heterochromatin is numerous in nerve and liver cell nucleus. T/F

A

F

It is numerous in lymphocyte nucleus. Euchromatin numerous in nerve and liver cell nucleus.

83
Q

Condensed chromatin

A

Heterochromatin

84
Q

Extended chromatin

A

Euchromatin

85
Q

DNA molecule and histone protein make up what unit?

A

Nucleosome

86
Q

What unit do ribosome and one mRNA make up?

87
Q

What makes up a nucleosome?

A

DNA molecule and histone protein

88
Q

What are ergastoplasm?

A

Dark basophilic stain in cells which represent an abundance of RER

89
Q

The nuclear pore is composed of how many coaxial rings?

90
Q

The nuclear lamina is made up of which cytoskeletal component?

A

Intermediate filaments

91
Q

The nuclear lamina consists of which protein?

A. Lamins
B. Elastin
C. Fibronectin

92
Q

Which organelle oxidizes long chain fatty acids?

A

Peroxisomes

93
Q

Intermediate filaments of epithelial cells are made up of which protein?

94
Q

Intermediate filaments of muscle cells are made up of which protein?

95
Q

Intermediate filaments of connective tissue are made up of which protein?

96
Q

Intermediate filaments of nerve cells are made up of which protein?

A

Neurofilaments

97
Q

From which type of filament-motor protein combination are cilia and flagella built?

A. Actin and myosin filaments
B. Microtubules and dyneins
C. Intermediate and motor proteins
D. Accessory proteins and kinesins

98
Q

What is the process where a filament assembles at one end while simultaneously disassembling at the other end called?

A. Dynamic instability
B. Nucleation
C. Treadmilling
D. Polymerization

99
Q

Which of the following factors is/are the strength with adaptability” characteristic of the cytoskeleton attributed?

A. Being built out of multiple protein
B. A large number of weak noncovalent
C. Neither A nor B
D. Both A and B

100
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

A. Pulls chromosomes apart in mitosis
B. Ferries materials between neighbor cells
C. Guides traffic of cellular organelles
D. None of the above

101
Q

Which type of motor protein contributes to the anterograde axonal transport?

A. Dynein
B. Kinesin
C. Neurofilaments
D. Myosin

102
Q

Cell crawling is a closely coordinated activity that is dependent on which type of filament?

A. Actin
B. Microtubule
C. Intermediate
D. Motor proteins

103
Q

In Kartagener’s syndrome, frequent respiratory infections and infertility are due to a defect in which ciliary structure?

a. Dynein
b. Kinesin
c. Tubulin
d. Actin

104
Q

In which event does the glycocalyx play a role?

a. Digestion of some nutrients
b. Organogenesis
c. Blood group incompatibility
d. Active transport of glucose

105
Q

A concentrated aqueous gel consisting of molecules of different sizes and shapes, found in the cytoplasm [Identify]

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

106
Q

Cytoplasmic or nuclear structures with characteristic staining properties that are formed from the metabolic products of the cell [Identify]

A

Inclusions

107
Q

The non-living and non-moving components of the cytoplasm [Identify]

A

Inclusions

108
Q

Known as the “wear and tear pigment” [Identify]

A

Lipofuscin

109
Q

What cell processes results in increase of lipofuscin granules?

A

Oxidative degeneration of the mitochindria, lysosomal digestion

110
Q

Lipid droplets are most numerous in which types of cells?

A

Adipocytes

111
Q

Glucose storage in cells

112
Q

Glycogen granules are found most numerous in which cells?

A

Liver, striated muscles

113
Q

What is the function of lipid droplets?

A

Energy source

114
Q

Hemosiderin is found most numerous in which cells?

115
Q

Lipofuscin is found most numerous in which cells?

A

Aging cells

116
Q

Ribosomes are membranous organelles. True or false?

117
Q

Lipid droplets can be seen in light microscope using H&E staining. True or false? If false, explain.

A

False.

H&E staining does not preserve lipids. What can be seen are the round spaces lipids used to occupy in cells.

118
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins, RNA, and intermediate metabolites are organic molecules found in cells. True or false? If false, explain.

A

False.

They are inorganic moleculse

119
Q

Sodium ions, calcium ions, and potassium ions are organic molecules found in cells. True or false? If false, explain.

120
Q

Inorganic molecules and organic molecules are inclusions in the cytoplasm.

A

False.

They are components of the cytoplasmic matrix.

121
Q

Lipofuscin, hemosiderin, glycogen granules are organelles.

A

False.

They are inclusions.

122
Q

Microtubules, microfilaments, and centrioles are non-membranous organelles.

123
Q

Also known as “ground substance” or “cytosol” [Identify]

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

124
Q

The cell compartment found outside the nucleus, but within the cell [Identify]

Cell (7 decks)

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