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Cell > Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Accidental cell death

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2
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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3
Q

Features of necrosis

A

Cell swelling and lysis

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4
Q

Necrosis is the result of what?

A

The cell’s inability to maintain homostasis

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5
Q

Which irreversible event commits a cell to apoptosis?

A

DNA fragmentation

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6
Q

Which enzymes cleave DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments?

A

Endonucleases

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7
Q

Cell shrinkage: apoptosis or necrosis?

A

Apoptosis

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8
Q

Proteolytic enzymes released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, causing dismantling of cell

A

Caspases

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9
Q

Which organelle initiates apoptosis?

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Membrane blebbing results from which cell changes?

A

Cell membrane alterations

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11
Q

The final step of apoptosis

A

Formation of apoptotic bodies

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12
Q

Which among the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?

A. activation of caspase in the cytoplasm
B. activation of nucleases in the nucleus
C. Sequestration of cytochrome in the mitochondria
D. Occupation of the death receptor on the membrane
E. phosphorylation of the bad protein

A

C

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13
Q

Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways for apoptosis involve activating a caspace cascade. Which of the following caspase do the two caspase cascades converge?

A. caspase 8 
B. caspase 9 
C. caspase 7 
D. caspase 6 
E. caspase 3
A

E

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14
Q

c-Myc is a proto-oncogene that is involved in the normal progression of the cell cycle. What would be the consequence if a loss of function mutation occurs in one of its alleles in a dividing cell?

A. apoptosis will occur
B. tumor growth will occur
C. cell will stop dividing
D. no observable effects

A

D

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15
Q

Which among the following is NOT a feature of apoptosis?

A. cell shrinkage 
B. membrane blebbing 
C. lamin breakdown 
D. inflammation
E. phosphorylation of phosphatidylserine
A

D

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16
Q

Which is the central executioner for apoptosis?

a. Bik
b. Bxl-z
c. Caspase
d. Bcl-2
e. Bak

A

c

17
Q

Which of the following cellular processes is NOT characteristic of apoptosis?

A. Chromatin condensation 
B. Nuclear fragmentation 
C. Cytoplasmic blebbing 
D. Cellular fragmentation 
E. None of the above
A

E

18
Q

Which of the following BEST describes necrosis?

A. Occurs when the integrity of the plasma membrane is lost
B. The cytoplasmic contents are transported into the extracellular space.
C. Electrophoresis of DNA reveals a ladder-like structure of DNA fragments
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

A

E

19
Q

Which marker is important for detecting apoptotic cells?

A. Rhodamine 123
B. VDAC
C. Annexin V
D. ZVAD

A

C

20
Q

Which of the following “external signals” can cause a cell to become committed to apoptosis?

A. DNA damage caused by radiation or other damaging agents
B. Free radical damage
C. Withdrawal of growth factors (such as serum)
D. Metabolic perturbation
E. All of the above

A

E

21
Q

Which process/es does/do developmentally-regulated apoptosis plays a major role in the orderly development of all multicellular organisms?

A. Separation of digits during development of hands and feet
B. Elimination of excess neurons from the central and peripheral nervous system
C. Development and function of the immune system
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

A

D

22
Q

Which compound can be utilized to favour (shift) apoptosis over autophagy?

A. LNAC (L-N-AcetylCysteine)
B. 2-DOG (2-deoxyglucose)
C. Chloroquine
D. Annexin V

A

C

23
Q

Which of the following statements may EXPLAIN why cancer cells are able to evade apoptosis?

A. Loss of p53 function 
B. Overexpression of Bax protein 
C. Overexpression of Bcl2 protein 
D. All of the above 
E. A and C
A

E

24
Q

How do mimetics work to trigger apoptosis?

A. Nutrient depletion
B. Akt activation
C. Bcl2 inhibition
D. Binding to CDK

A

C

25
Q

Which of the following condition/s will promote autophagy?

A. Normoxic
B. Cell cycle arrest
C. Nutrient deprivation
D. B and C only

A

C

26
Q

How does p53 regulate cell cycle?

A. It activates p21 gene. 
B. It deactivates pRb gene. 
C. It disrupts G1 to S phase. 
D. All of the above 
E. A and B only
A

D

27
Q

Why would formation of reactive oxygen species NOT necessarily trigger apoptosis?

A. It may trigger autophagic vesicle formation leading to autophagy.
B. It may lead to further deregulation of cell death pathway and become “resistant” to external stress.
C. It may facilitate lipid peroxidation and lead to membrane disruption favoring necrosis pathway
D. A and B
E. All of the above

A

D

28
Q

Which process will determine if apoptosis is no longer reversible?

A. Activation of BAX
B. Formation of BIK-BAX complex
C. Release of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria
D. Disruption of hexokinase activity

A

C

29
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of necrosis?

a. It occurs when integrity of plasma membrane is lost.
b. Cytoplasmic fragments are released to the extracellular
space.
c. Upon DNA electrophoresis, ladder-like DNA fragments are seen.
d. A and B are correct.
e. All are correct.

A

d

30
Q

Ontologically regulated cell apoptosis is important for regular organism development. It can be seen in such situations such as:

a. Webbing of fingers and feet
b. Removal of excess neurons in CNS and PNS
c. In immune system development
d. All of the above

A

d

31
Q

What is the central regulator of apoptosis?

a. p53
b. mitochondria
c. ribosome
d. RAS
e. c-myc gene

A

b

32
Q

What is the character of autophagy?

a. Activate to prevent apoptosis
b. Recycle nutrients/biomolecules such as proteins, lipids
c. Delay apoptosis
d. A and B
e. A and C

A

d

33
Q

Which of the following is not associated with nuclear dissociation?

a. karyokinesis
b. pyknosis
c. karyolysis
d. karyorrhexis

A

c

34
Q

Which of the following is true about apoptosis?

a. Presence of inflammation
b. Cause by chemical injury
c. Cleared by phagocytosis
d. Cellular leakage

A

c

35
Q

Which of the following signals does not promote apoptosis?

a. Fas Ligand
b. TNF alpha
c. TNF beta
d. Interleukin 2

A

d

36
Q

Which of the following doesn’t occur in apoptosis?

a. Restore mitochondrial membrane
b. Post-transcriptional cleave of procaspases
c. Mitochondrial release of stored cytochrome c
d. Breakdown of brain proteins

A

a

37
Q

Which of the following molecular event bridges the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis?

a. Formation of the apoptoisome
b. Truncation of Bid to tBid
c. Association of the Bad protein with the Bcl-2 members
d. Activation of Caspase 9

A

b

38
Q

Which is least likely to result in uncontrolled cell division?

a. Mutation in both tumor suppressor alleles
b. Oncogene that is always active
c. Deletion of a proto-concogene gene
d. An inhibition-resistant tumor suppressor protein

A

c

Cell (7 decks)

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