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Cell > Cell adaptation and injury > Flashcards

Cell adaptation and injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number resulting to increase in organ size

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2
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size resulting to increase in organ size

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3
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage in cell size due to loss of cell substance

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4
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of one tissue type by another

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5
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Decrease in supply of oxygen to the organ or tissue

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6
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Decrease in blood flow to the organ or tissue

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7
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

Ischemia, inadequate oxygenation of blood, reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity

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8
Q

adaptive conversion of cell types to improve survival is

a. hyperplasia
b. metaplasia
c. dysplasia
d. hypertrophy

A

b

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9
Q

Cyanide poisoning causes hypoxic cellular damage through which of the following mechanisms?

A. Inadequate oxygenation due to respiratory failure.
B. Restriction of blood flow due to vasoconstriction.
C. Blockage of cell enzyme action.
D. Replacement of oxygen from hemoglobin.

A

C

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10
Q

Which of the following change/s DOES NOT occur in cells deprived of oxygen supply?

A. Shift from anaerobic to aerobic ATP production
B. Increase in production of lactic acid and inorganic phosphates
C. Decreased cell pH
D. All of the above

A

A

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11
Q

Which of the functional and morphologic changes occur during cellular apoptosis resulting from the inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase pump?

A. Influx and accumulation of sodium and calcium ions inside the cell
B. Increased permeability to and efflux of potassium ions
C. Cellular swelling
D. All of the above

A

D

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12
Q

Which of the following changes inside the cell will NOT result from ischemia?

A. Increased glycogen inside the cell
B. Decreased oxidative phosphorylation
C. Increased anaerobic glycolysis
D. Decreased ATP

A

A

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is/are FALSE with regards to cell injury?

A. Because of the interdependent nature of cellular systems, damage to one part may result in secondary injury to other systems

B. cell injury results from functional and biochemical
abnormalities in one or more essential cellular components

C. Biochemical and morphological manifestations of injury
are usually seen first before loss of cellular function occurs.

D. All of the above are TRUE

A

C

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14
Q

This term refers to a cell’s ability, under physiological stresses or pathological stimuli, to achieve a new steady that would be compatible with their viability in the new environment.

A. Homeostasis
B. Adaptation
C. Cellular integrity
D. Apoptosis

A

B

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15
Q

Which of the following is/are NOT the major mechanisms for electrical injury?

A. Disruption of cell membrances and alteration of conformation of biomolecules

B. Alteration of cell membrane resting potential and eliciting of muscle tetany

C. Conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy

D. Mechanical injury with direct trauma due to falls or violent muscle contraction

E. None of the above

A

E

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16
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

17
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death by external factors

18
Q

Which of the following causes injury from ionizing radiation?

A. Free radical formation and breaking of chemical bonds
B. Mechanical injury with direct trauma due to falls or violent muscle contraction.
C. formation of crystals that puncture cells
D. Direct injury to cellular structure

A

A

19
Q

Extreme cold can cause cell damage by which of the following mechanisms?

A. Free radical formation and breaking of chemical bonds
B. Mechanical injury with direct trauma due to falls or violent muscle contraction.
C. formation of crystals that puncture cells
D. Direct injury to cellular structure

A

C

20
Q

Rheumatic fever causes cellular damage through which of the following?

A. Production of toxin that is harmful to cardiac cells
B. triggering an inflammatory or immune response that inadvertently injures cardiac cells
C. Replication of pneumococcal bacteria inside the myocardial cells disrupting the integrity of the cell
D. Abnormal suppression of immune response to bacteria increasing vulnerability to infection

A

B

21
Q

Which of the following are examples of physiologic atrophy?

A. Cerebral atrophy
B. Atrophy of the uterus post menopause
C. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
D. Denervation atrophy

A

B

22
Q

Which is/are INCORRECT regarding hypertrophy?

A. It usually occurs in tissues with cells that can still divide like muscles
B. Allows the cell to achieve equilibrium between demand and function
C. Increase in cell size resulting in increased functioning tissue mass
D. Changes usually revert to normal once stimulus is removed

A

A

23
Q

Barrett’s esophagus, wherein the normal columnar epithelial cells of the esophagus is replaced by squamous epithelial cell is an example of what adaptive response?

A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy

A

B

24
Q

Which of the following statements DOES NOT correctly describe cellular dysplasia?

A. Always associated with a pathologic process
B. Strongly implicated as a precursor to cancer
C. Disordered cellular morphology, organization and function
D. Abnormal cell growth of disproportionate cell types
E. None of the above

A

E

25
Q

Necrosis is always pathological. T/F

A

T

26
Q

Apoptosis may be caused by external factors. T/F

A

T

27
Q

Necrosis is always caused by external factors. T/F

A

T

28
Q

Which among the following occurs FIRST?

A. Cell death
B. Ultrastructural changes
C. Light microscopic changes
D. Gross morphologic changes

A

A

29
Q

Which of the following characteristics does NOT differentiate ischemia from hypoxia?

A. Loss or markedly decreased blood supply due to reduced arterial flow
B. Compromised supply of metabolic substrate including glucose and other nutrients
C. More rapid and severe tissue injury
D. Inadequate oxygenation

A

D

30
Q

During cell injury, which of the following is/are NOT functional and morphological consequence/s of decreased intracellular ATP?

A. Cellular swelling
B. Loss of microvilli
C. Clumping of nuclear chromatin
D. None of the above

A

D

31
Q

Which of the following is/are NOT possible targets of cell damage?

A. Cell membrane integrity 
B. Mitochondrial function 
C. Genetic integrity 
D. A and C only 
E. None of the above
A

E

32
Q

Which of the following is/are major mechanism/s for electrical injury?

A. Disruption of cell membranes and alteration of conformation of biomolecules
B. Alteration of cell membrane resting potential and eliciting of muscle tetany
C. Conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

A

D

33
Q

What kind of injury is caused by mechanical trauma?

A. Free radical formation and breaking of chemical bonds
B. Mechanical injury with direct trauma due to falls or violent muscle contraction
C. formation crystals that puncture cells
D. Direct injury to cellular structure

A

D

34
Q

Which of the following are examples of physiologic hypertrophy?

A. Muscular hypertrophy in weight lifters
B. Uterine hypertrophy in pregnancy
C. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes
D. All of the above
E. A and C only

A

D

35
Q

A person who suffers an ankle injury has his leg placed in a cast for 2 months. On removal of the cast, his leg muscles were noticeably smaller than on his normal leg. Which of the following is the situation an example of?

A. Denervation atrophy
B. Ischemic atrophy
C. Disuse atrophy
D. Pressure atrophy

A

C

36
Q

Which of the following mechanisms does not cause oxygen free radical cellular damage?

a. Direct inhibition of ATP production
b. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
c. Damage to cell proteins and enzymes
d. Fragmentation of DNA

A

a

37
Q

Injury from ionizing radiation is cause by which of the following?

a. Damage to genetic material/chromosome
b. Mechanical injury with direct trauma due to falls or violent muscle contraction
c. Formation of crystals that puncture walls
d. Direct injury to cellular structure

A

a

38
Q

Which of the following is an example of physiological atrophy?

a. Atrophy of the thymus in adulthood
b. Disuse atrophy
c. Duchenne’s muscle atrophy
d. Denervation atrophy

A

a

39
Q

Which statement regarding hypertrophy is incorrect?

a. It usually occurs in tissue with cells that cannot divide like muscle
b. Allows the cell to achieve equilibrium between demand and function.
c. Increase in cell size resulting into increase function tissue mass
d. Changes are usually permanent at some point in time

A

d

Cell (7 decks)

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