Parts of the cell Flashcards
Test Wednesday, December 4th, 2024
Multicellular organisms
Has one or more cells
Unicellular organisms
Has only ONE cell
What can a cell’s shape tell you about?
It can tell you about its function (job)
Can all cells repair themselves?
Most cells can repair themselves; others like a nerve cell may be damaged permanently.
Prokaryotic/Prokaryote
Is a cell with NO nucleus.
Eukaryotic/Eukaryote
Is a cell with an enclosed nucleus.
Organelles
Tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions
Cell Wall
Protective Wall
Encloses all plant, algae, fungi, and bacteria
Tough, rigid outer layer made of cellulose (fiber)
Protects the cell and gives it shape
Outermost layer of plant cells, algae, fungi, bacteria
Materials are able to pass through the cell wall by pores or openings.
Cell Membrane
Protective layer around all cells
Contains pores and allows nutrients like water and oxygen to enter the cell and waste like carbon dioxide to exit the cell for animal cells. Semi-permeable means some materials can pass through and others cannot.
Material like oxygen moving into and out of the cell is a process called diffusion; if it is water moving in and out it is called osmosis. For plant cells carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the cell in the process known as photosynthesis.
Outermost layer of animal cells and just inside the cell wall for plant cells.
Nucleus
Brain/Control Center
Large oval structure that directs all the cell’s activities.
Contains three parts:
Nuclear membrane/envelope -contains pores
Nucleolus – little nucleus where ribosomes which produce proteins (amino acids) are made
Chromosomes – rod-like structures known as chromatin that contain genes which contain DNA. DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid and is the genetic material found in the nucleus of the cell that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring during replication.
Chromatin thicken into chromosomes and then divide in a process called mitosis to make new cells/replication/reproduction.
Cytoplasm
Gelatin-like substance that flows throughout the cell located between the membrane and nucleus
Holds the organelles in a cell and moves constantly
Mitochondrion/Mitochondria
Produces Power
Energy processor for all cells – the powerhouse – think “mighty.”
Rod-like structures in the cytoplasm that store energy from food and release it when needed.
More active cells like muscle cells have more mitochondria.
Cellular Respiration – process that involves the mitochondria; animal cells take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide in this process.
Ribosomes
protein makers
Small structures where cells make their own proteins (look like black dots).
Made in the nucleolus and move out into the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
transportation system
Extends from the nucleus to cell membrane
Series of folded membranes in which materials can be processed and moved around inside the cell.
Smooth ER – no attached ribosomes
Rough ER – has attached ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
mailroom
Stacked, flattened membranes or sacs and tubes
Receives and sorts of proteins and other cellular substances and then packages them and sends them off
Vacuole
storage
Organelles that hold storage of materials such as water, waste products, food, and other cellular materials.
Plant cells usually have one large vacuole; when it is empty, the plant may droop.
Animal cells usually have smaller
and more numerous vacuoles.
Chloroplast
Plant Energy Maker
Energy processor for plant cells
Green structures in the cytoplasm of green parts of plants
They are green because of the pigment chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Process in which plants take in sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and the chloroplasts convert these raw materials into sugar/glucose/energy for the plant. Oxygen is given off as a product.
Lysosome
Digests old cell parts/recycles for ANIMAL cells
Contain digestive chemicals that help break down food molecules, cell wastes, and worn-out cell parts.
When a cell dies, a lysosome’s membrane disintegrates.
Mitosis
The second stage of the cell cycle during with the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectivity permeable membrane
Diffusion
The process by which water molecules move from a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Material like oxygen moving into and out of the cell
Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts in plant cells that make food/sugar for the plant
Stomata
Openings in the leaves through carbon dioxide enters and oxeygen leaves
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is the process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside the cell, releasing energy; the cellular process in which the mitochondria stores energy for the cells, and releases it as needed
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and proteins
Steps of mitosis
- prophase (pro-pre)
- metaphase
- Anaphase (away)
- Telophase
HELP: P-MAT
What part/parts does the animal cell have that the plant cell does not?
Plant does not have- Lysosome
Animal does not have- Chloroplast, Cell wall
Why do cells from the same organism look different?
Different cells specialized in different functions
What group makes up a tissue?
A group of Cells
What does several tissues make up?
An organ
What organelle causes a disease in the body if something bad gets into the cell?
The cell membrane
What organelle is affected by mosaic viruses?
Chloroplasts
What makes up a tissue?
A group of similar cells
What forms a muscle tissue?
muscle cells
What makes up an organ system?
A group of organs that work together