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Assessment 1 > Parts of the Cell > Flashcards

Parts of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane

A

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

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2
Q

What constitutes as the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol + organelles

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3
Q

What is another name for extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

-lipid bilayer

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5
Q

What makes up the hydrophilic end of the cell membrane?

A

-hydrophilic end (phosphate and choline)

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6
Q

What are the three types of membrane lipids?

A

Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids), Cholesterol, Glycolipids

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7
Q

What is the function of membrane phosphoglycerides?

A

-surround and anchor proteins

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8
Q

What is the most prevalent membrane lipid?

A

phosphoglycerides (phospholipids) ~ 50%

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9
Q

What is phosphatidylcholine?

A

a membrane phosphoglyceride/phospholipid

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10
Q

What is phosphatidylserine?

A

a membrane phosphoglyceride/phospholipid

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11
Q

What is phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

a membrane phosphoglyceride/phospholipid

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12
Q

What is the function of membrane cholesterol?

A

stabilizes membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of membrane glycolipids?

A

intercellular communication

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14
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

a membrane glycolipid

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15
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

a membrane glycolipid

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16
Q

What are 5 functions of membrane proteins?

A

-attach cytoskeletal filaments to cell membrane
-attach cells to extracellular matrix
-transport molecules into and out of cells
-act as receptors for chemical signaling between cells
-possess specific enzymatic activity

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17
Q

What are two types of membrane proteins?

A

integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane proteins

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18
Q

Which membrane protein comprises a significant fraction of the proteins encoded in an organism’s genome?

A

integral membrane proteins

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19
Q

Which membrane proteins are permanently attached to the biological membrane?

A

integral membrane proteins

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20
Q

Are peripheral membrane proteins always attached to the biological membrane?

A

No, they adhere only temporarily

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21
Q

Where are peripheral membrane proteins located?

A

-attached to integral proteins or they penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer
-could also be the regulatory protein subunits of many ion channels and transmembrane receptors

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22
Q

Where and what are membrane carbohydrates?

A

-mainly on extracellular surface, as a coating called the glycocalyx

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23
Q

What are 4 functions of membrane carbohydrates?

A

lubrication and protection
anchoring and locomotion
specificity in binding
recognition

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24
Q

What are three types of transport across cell membranes?

A

Diffusion, Active transport, Bulk transport

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25
What is diffusion transport used for?
gases, lipophilic or small molecules
26
What is active transport used for?
Na2+ ions
27
What are 4 types of bulk transport?
endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis
28
What is endocytosis?
-substances are brought into the cell -the substances are surrounded by part of the cell membrane which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material -invagination, fusion, budding
29
What is pinocytosis?
-small molecules suspended in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane -the resulting pinocytotic vesicles subsequently fuse with endosomes to hydrolyze (break down) the particles -cell process, fusion, internalization
30
What is phagocytosis?
-cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle creating an internal compartment called the phagosome -extend cell process, engulf and fuse membrane, internalization
31
When is phagocytosis often used?
-to remove pathogens like bacteria
32
What is exocytosis?
-opposite of endocytosis -a form of active transport -transports molecules out of the cell by secreting them through an energy-dependent process -apposition and tethering, hemifusion, fusion and release
33
What is the nucleus made up of?
-bounded by a nuclear envelope -contains cellular DNA - nucleoli (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA) -nucleoproteins
34
How does the nucleus communicate with the cytoplasm?
through nuclear pores on the nuclear envelope
35
What is chromatin?
a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells
36
What is the function of chromatin?
packaging long DNA molecules into more compact denser structures
37
What is euchromatin?
it is the “beads on a string” structure that results when DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes
38
What is heterochromatin?
when multiple histones wrap into a 30nm fibre consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form
39
What are the two types of nucleus chromatin?
heterochromatin and euchromatin
40
What is the function of nuclear pores?
form channels for transport of small molecules and restrict large molecules from entering the nucleus
41
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
network of membranous tubules, vesicles, and cisternae
42
What are the two types of ER?
rough ER(surface is studded with ribosomes) and smooth ER
43
What is the function of the rough ER?
protein synthesis
44
What is the function of smooth ER?
lipid synthesis, membrane synthesis and repair
45
What is the Golgi apparatus?
membrane system involved in sorting, packaging, and transporting cell products
46
What are cisternae?
the sacs or folds
47
What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?
-modification of macromolecules by addition of sugars -proteolysis of peptides into active forms -sorting of macromolecules in to membrane-bound vesicles -transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes
48
What are lysosomes?
membrane-bound spherical organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes
49
What is the function of a lysosome?
-breaks down many kinds of biomolecules engulfed by the cell -involved in various cell processes such as plasma membrane repair, cell signaling, and energy ____
50
What makes up a lysosome?
it has a specific composition of its membrane proteins and luminal proteins
51
What is the lysosomes’s lumen’s pH?
~4.5-5.0, optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis (analogous to the activity of the stomach
52
What is the mitochondria?
a membrane-bound organelle with outer and inner membranes separated by inter-membranous space
53
What is the function of the mitochondria?
responsible for ATP production
54
What is in the mitochondria’s matrix?
-many enzymes and small amounts of mitochondrial DNA
55
What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules & tublulin
56
What is a special feature of the cytoskeleton?
all components are capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell’s requirements
57
What are microfilaments?
long, thin filaments of actin
58
What are the functions of microfilaments?
-cytokinesis -amoeboid movement -cell motility -changes in cell shape
59
What are some intermediate filaments?
desmin glial fibrillary acidic protein keratin lamin neurofilaments vimentin
60
What is the most stable component of the cytoskeleton?
intermediate filaments
61
Where are intermediate filaments found?
in particularly durable structures such as hair, scales, fingernails
62
What are the functions of microtubules and tubulin?
provide platforms for intracellular transport and are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the movement of secretory vesicles, organelles
63
What makes up the hydrophobic end of the cell membrane?
-hydrophobic end (glycerol with fatty acid tails)

Assessment 1 (14 decks)

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