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Assessment 1 > Parts of the Cell > Flashcards

Parts of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane

A

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

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2
Q

What constitutes as the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol + organelles

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3
Q

What is another name for extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

-lipid bilayer

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5
Q

What makes up the hydrophilic end of the cell membrane?

A

-hydrophilic end (phosphate and choline)

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6
Q

What are the three types of membrane lipids?

A

Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids), Cholesterol, Glycolipids

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7
Q

What is the function of membrane phosphoglycerides?

A

-surround and anchor proteins

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8
Q

What is the most prevalent membrane lipid?

A

phosphoglycerides (phospholipids) ~ 50%

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9
Q

What is phosphatidylcholine?

A

a membrane phosphoglyceride/phospholipid

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10
Q

What is phosphatidylserine?

A

a membrane phosphoglyceride/phospholipid

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11
Q

What is phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

a membrane phosphoglyceride/phospholipid

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12
Q

What is the function of membrane cholesterol?

A

stabilizes membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of membrane glycolipids?

A

intercellular communication

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14
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

a membrane glycolipid

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15
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

a membrane glycolipid

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16
Q

What are 5 functions of membrane proteins?

A

-attach cytoskeletal filaments to cell membrane
-attach cells to extracellular matrix
-transport molecules into and out of cells
-act as receptors for chemical signaling between cells
-possess specific enzymatic activity

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17
Q

What are two types of membrane proteins?

A

integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane proteins

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18
Q

Which membrane protein comprises a significant fraction of the proteins encoded in an organism’s genome?

A

integral membrane proteins

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19
Q

Which membrane proteins are permanently attached to the biological membrane?

A

integral membrane proteins

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20
Q

Are peripheral membrane proteins always attached to the biological membrane?

A

No, they adhere only temporarily

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21
Q

Where are peripheral membrane proteins located?

A

-attached to integral proteins or they penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer
-could also be the regulatory protein subunits of many ion channels and transmembrane receptors

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22
Q

Where and what are membrane carbohydrates?

A

-mainly on extracellular surface, as a coating called the glycocalyx

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23
Q

What are 4 functions of membrane carbohydrates?

A

lubrication and protection
anchoring and locomotion
specificity in binding
recognition

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24
Q

What are three types of transport across cell membranes?

A

Diffusion, Active transport, Bulk transport

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25
Q

What is diffusion transport used for?

A

gases, lipophilic or small molecules

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26
Q

What is active transport used for?

A

Na2+ ions

27
Q

What are 4 types of bulk transport?

A

endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis

28
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

-substances are brought into the cell
-the substances are surrounded by part of the cell membrane which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material
-invagination, fusion, budding

29
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

-small molecules suspended in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane
-the resulting pinocytotic vesicles subsequently fuse with endosomes to hydrolyze (break down) the particles
-cell process, fusion, internalization

30
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

-cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle creating an internal compartment called the phagosome
-extend cell process, engulf and fuse membrane, internalization

31
Q

When is phagocytosis often used?

A

-to remove pathogens like bacteria

32
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

-opposite of endocytosis
-a form of active transport
-transports molecules out of the cell by secreting them through an energy-dependent process
-apposition and tethering, hemifusion, fusion and release

33
Q

What is the nucleus made up of?

A

-bounded by a nuclear envelope
-contains cellular DNA
- nucleoli (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)
-nucleoproteins

34
Q

How does the nucleus communicate with the cytoplasm?

A

through nuclear pores on the nuclear envelope

35
Q

What is chromatin?

A

a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells

36
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

packaging long DNA molecules into more compact denser structures

37
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

it is the “beads on a string” structure that results when DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes

38
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

when multiple histones wrap into a 30nm fibre consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form

39
Q

What are the two types of nucleus chromatin?

A

heterochromatin and euchromatin

40
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

form channels for transport of small molecules and restrict large molecules from entering the nucleus

41
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

network of membranous tubules, vesicles, and cisternae

42
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

rough ER(surface is studded with ribosomes) and smooth ER

43
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

protein synthesis

44
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

lipid synthesis, membrane synthesis and repair

45
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

membrane system involved in sorting, packaging, and transporting cell products

46
Q

What are cisternae?

A

the sacs or folds

47
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

-modification of macromolecules by addition of sugars
-proteolysis of peptides into active forms
-sorting of macromolecules in to membrane-bound vesicles
-transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes

48
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membrane-bound spherical organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes

49
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

-breaks down many kinds of biomolecules engulfed by the cell
-involved in various cell processes such as plasma membrane repair, cell signaling, and energy ____

50
Q

What makes up a lysosome?

A

it has a specific composition of its membrane proteins and luminal proteins

51
Q

What is the lysosomes’s lumen’s pH?

A

~4.5-5.0, optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis (analogous to the activity of the stomach

52
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

a membrane-bound organelle with outer and inner membranes separated by inter-membranous space

53
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

responsible for ATP production

54
Q

What is in the mitochondria’s matrix?

A

-many enzymes and small amounts of mitochondrial DNA

55
Q

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules & tublulin

56
Q

What is a special feature of the cytoskeleton?

A

all components are capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell’s requirements

57
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

long, thin filaments of actin

58
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

-cytokinesis
-amoeboid movement
-cell motility
-changes in cell shape

59
Q

What are some intermediate filaments?

A

desmin
glial fibrillary
acidic protein
keratin
lamin
neurofilaments
vimentin

60
Q

What is the most stable component of the cytoskeleton?

A

intermediate filaments

61
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found?

A

in particularly durable structures such as hair, scales, fingernails

62
Q

What are the functions of microtubules and tubulin?

A

provide platforms for intracellular transport and are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the movement of secretory vesicles, organelles

63
Q

What makes up the hydrophobic end of the cell membrane?

A

-hydrophobic end (glycerol with fatty acid tails)

Assessment 1 (14 decks)

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