Parts 3/4/5 (Civil Liberties/Ideologies) Flashcards
Shield Laws
States laws that vary giving reporters protection against being forced to disclose confidential information in state court
Three-Part Obscenity Test
standard for publication to see if the content is arousing/unwholesome in nature with no artistic, scientific, literary or political value
Lemon Test
used to decide whether a law violates the establishment clause
Exclusionary Rule
prevents evidence collected against the law of the constitution to be used in trial
Objective Good Faith
exception to the Exclusionary Rule where evidence gathered illegally can be used if the officer who gathered it believed they were acting within the rights of the law
Inevitable Discovery Rule: illegally found evidence that would eventually be found is permitted
Exigent Circumstances
police may conduct an immediate search if they have reason to believe evidence will have appeared or that someone will be injured by the time they receive a search warrant
Eminent Domain
gives the government the right to seize private property but only compensation is just
Benchmark Polls
conducted when a candidate first announces running to see their chances of winning
Tracking polls
performed multiple times with an identical sample to track opinion over time
referendum
submits to a popular vote to determine whether legislation is passed or rejected
Realignment
when coalitions fall apart often due to economic instability
Critical election
when a new party dominates politics sand new issues erupt
Dealignment
voting for a candidate regardless of your party due to dissatisfaction with the party
Doctrinal Parties
parties who come together to represent an ideology considered to extreme by mainstream parties, rejecting the policies of the political system
Influence Peddling
use of personal friendships and inside information to get a political advantage
PACS
(political action committees): tax-exempt organization that pools campaign contribution from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, a way of side-stepping the federal law stating that corporations, unions, and trade associations cannot make contributions (hard money)
Super PACS
PACS that do not donate or coordinate to/with specific candidates are not limited in their fundraising like regulars PACS and use soft money
Soft Money
unregulated, unlimited contributions to political parties for general party-building activities
Hard money
limited and tightly regulated contributions to candidates
Incumbent Advantage
(2 things to remember)
Politicians who run for reelection win roughly 90% of the time
Senators and House incumbents have a high advantage, but House incumbents have a larger one.
Primary Election
each party has its own primary election (choosing its candidates)
Open Primary
voters may only vote in one party’s primary, but can vote for whichever party they want
Close Primary
meaning voters may only vote for candidates running for the nomination of their declared party
Blanket Primary
voters may vote for whoever they want
Plurality
greatest number of votes but no more than half the total votes (compared to a majority)
Run-off Primary
held between candidates in a primary when tied for vote
Superdelegates
delegates who are seated automatically at a national convention
Split-Ticket Voting
voting for a presidential candidate of one party and legislators of the other
Keynesian Economics
the government can smooth business cycles by influencing the amount of income individuals and business can spend on things
Fiscal Policy
refers to the government action of either lowering or raising taxes to result in more or less consumer spending or enacting government programs
Monetary Policy
process by which the government controls the supply of money in circulation and the supply of credit through the actions of the FED.
Medicare
provides government assistance to people older than 65 for health care
Social Security
provides economic assistance to persons with unemployment, disability, or old age.
Medicaid
provides medical and health related services for low income parents, children, seniors, and people with disabilities.
