Particle Theory Flashcards
What is covalent bonding?
Non-metal bonding by sharing electrons to gain stability
What are the diatomic molecules
HNOFdown
What is a covalent bond?
The electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei and the negative shared pair of electrons
What is simple molecular structure?
A regular arrangement of molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces
What are the properties of simple molecular structure?
- low melting/boiling point (weak intermolecular forces)
2. Don’t conduct electricity
What is giant covalent structure?
Adopted by the non-metals in group 4
Regular arrangement of ATOMS held together by strong covalent bonds
What are the properties of diamond?
- V. high melting/boiling points
- Electrical insulator
- Extremely hard
- Insoluble
- v. unreactive
What are the properties of graphite?
- High melting/boiling point
- Electrical conductor
- Slippery
What is an ion?
A charged atom or group of atoms
What is the ionic bond?
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is giant ionic structure?
A regular lattice of alternating positive and negative ions
What are the properties of giant ionic structure?
- High melting/boiling points (strong ionic bonds)
- Often but not always soluble
- Don’t conduct electricity when solid but do in solution or as a liquid
What is a giant metallic structure?
A lattice of positively charged ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons
What is the metallic bond?
The force of attraction between the delocalised outer electrons and the positive ions
What are the general properties of metallic structures?
- Malleable - layers slide over each other
- Ductile
- High melting/boiling points - strong metallic bonds.
- Good conductors - free electrons
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers
How do you find the RAM including isotopes?
- Multiply the mass by its real active abundance
- Add them together
- Divide by the sum of the relative abundances
How do you find the relative formula mass?
Add the atomic masses of each element in a molecule
How do you find the empirical formula?
- Divide each percentage by molar mass
- Divide the results by the smallest answer
- This should turn into a ratio
How do you get the molecular formula of a molecule?
- Divide the relative molecular mass by the mass of the empirical formula
- Multiply the empirical formula by the answer
How do you calculate the masses in reactions?
- Find the relative formula masses of the two molecules you want
- Divide by the smallest one
- Multiply by the given amount
How do you find the hydrated formula of a salt?
- Work out the mass of each
- Calculate the no. moles of water and salt you have
- Work out the ratio
How do you find the percentage yield?
Actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
