A Level Caw Flashcards
How many electrons are in a s orbital?
2
How many electrons are in a p orbital?
6
How many electrons are in a d orbital?
10
How many electrons are in a f orbital?
12
What shape are s orbitals?
Spherical
What shapes are p orbitals?
Dumbbelll
What shapes are d orbitals?
There’re five
What shape is a molecule with 2 double bonds?
Bond angle?
Linear
180
What shape and angle with three single bonds?
Trigonal planar
120
What shape and angle with 4 single bonds?
Tetrahedral
109.5
5 single bonds?
Trigonal bipyramidal
90 and 120
3 single bonds and 1 lone pair?
Trigonal pyramidal
107.5
2 single and 2 Lone pairs?
Bent linear
104.5
What is electronegativity?
The attraction that each bonded atom has for the pair of electrons in the covalent bond
What is a permanent dipole?
When the electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally resulting in charges at each end
What happens when the electronegativity difference is higher?
The ionic character is greater
What happens when the electronegativities are more similar?
The covalent characteristics are greater
When do dipoles cancel out?
When the molecule is symmetrical
What are induced dipole interactions?
When electron density fluctuates, 1 end becomes negative. The attraction between these temporary dipoles
What are permanent dipole interactions?
When to dipoles attract
What are hydrogen bonds?
Strong permanent dipole interactions
What must there be for a hydrogen bond to occur?
- An h atom attached to a v electronegative ion n,f,o
2. One or more lone pairs
Why is ice less dense than water?
The hydrogen bonds in water hold it in an open lattice
