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Master Beekeeping > Part4 > Flashcards

Part4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is nectar

A

mix of chemically altered waterborne nutrients secreted into plant nectaries

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2
Q

how many foraging sessions per day would a bee do

A

10

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3
Q

how much of their body weight do they carry in honey

A

80%

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4
Q

what enzymes are used to break down nectar into honey

A

invertase
diastase

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5
Q

what percentage of honey sucrose when ripe

A

5%

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6
Q

what do bees add to honey and what does it do

A

glucose oxidase and they increase the acidity and lower the pH of honey

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7
Q

what percentage water content when bees will cap honey

A

18%

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8
Q

what in honey makes it a bad choice for bacteria

A

hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

manuka honey has what additional thing that is good for antibacterial properties

A

methylglyoxal (MGO)

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10
Q

what two things only proof honey helps

A

cough and wounds

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11
Q

where are manuka bushes native

A

new zealand and australia

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12
Q

4 sugars in honey - 2 major, 2 minor

A

fructose and glucose = major
sucrose and maltose = minor

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13
Q

what other than sugar does honey contain x4

A

acids
vitamin
minerals
microorganisms

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14
Q

what acids are in honey x 5

A

gluconic
formic
oxalic
acetic
lactic

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15
Q

which honeys are highest in vitamins/minerals

A

dark and honeydew

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16
Q

most notable bacteria in honey

A

clostridium botulinum - spores survive

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17
Q

what can the bacteria in honey cause

A

botulism - don’t give to infants

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18
Q

how does crystallization happen

A

glucose precipitates out of water in honey

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19
Q

sugar crystals more likely to form around x5

A

pollen
wax
proplis
dust
air bubbles

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20
Q

how fast does crystallization occur

A

depends on # of foreign particles, the nectar source, temperature it is stored at

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21
Q

what makes crystals in honey finer or coarser

A

finer = low moisture content
coarser = high moisture content

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22
Q

at what percentage of moisture will honey start to ferment

A

above 18%

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23
Q

how does fermentation work

A

yeast grows consumes sugar transforms into carbon dioxide and alcohol

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24
Q

what percentage capped should a frame be before extracting?

A

80%

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25
Q

Difference between grade a, b, c honey

A

a = filtered to remove nearly all particles + clear
b/c = more particles and less clear

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26
Q

waht degree can you heat honey to and it still be considered raw

A

105

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27
Q

what is pasteurizing

A

heating food to kill microorganisms

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28
Q

3 types of extractors

A

tangential - frames in metal baskets
radial - like spokes in wheel
parallel radial - frames loaded by pushing along ramp into extractor

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29
Q

what is a sump

A

a temporary holding place that begins straining honey

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30
Q

5 important things in honey house

A

1 - bee proof, screened windows
2 - screed window w/ small bee escape
3 - concrete/tile floors w/ drains protected from acidity of honey
4 - honey+ water conduct electricity = have waterproof fittings
5 - equipment stainless, easy to clean and no rust

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31
Q

why are honey prices up

A

prices higher due to less colonies

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32
Q

how many less colonies are there between 1987 and 2019

A

15% decrease

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33
Q

how many unique types of honey in the US

A

300

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34
Q

scale used to classify honey colors

A

pfund

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35
Q

honey color classifications x 7

A

water white
extra white
white
extra light amber
light amber
amber
dark amber

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36
Q

what temperature does wax melt and flow freely

A

143-149

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37
Q

wax can discolor if heated over

A

185

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38
Q

what is name of debris filtered out of beeswax

A

slugum

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39
Q

blank floats above honey

A

wax

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40
Q

what has replaced wax recently

A

parrafin

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41
Q

doing what with pollen maintains its nutritional content

A

freezing

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42
Q

pollen is made up of what 4 components

A

protein
carbs
lipids
vitamins/mineral

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43
Q

when to use pollen traps

A

only when pollen is coming in

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44
Q

propolis has what 2 properties

A

anti-bacterial and anti-fungal

45
Q

what two diseases does propolis help protect against

A

AFB and chalkbrood

46
Q

what hive product has the highest sale price

A

royal jelly

47
Q

what do people believe royal jelly has in it

A

anti aging properties

48
Q

other than immunotherapy what is bee venom used for

A

arthritis (anti inflammatory)

49
Q

what is mead

A

alcohol made with fermented honey

50
Q

basic way to make mead

A

water + honey + yeast

51
Q

honey bees are used to pollinate how many crops in US

A

70

52
Q

what other bees are used for crops

A

bumbles = tomatoes
leaf cutter = alfalfa
orchard bees =orchard fruits

53
Q

most pollen is pollinated how

A

wind/water

54
Q

what percent of flowering plants require animal pollinators

A

90%

55
Q

what size colony for pollination services - # of rames

A

8 frames bee, 4 frames brood

56
Q

when are bees pollinating almonds

A

mid february

57
Q

when are bees pollinating cherries, apples, plums

A

mar and april

58
Q

when are bees pollinating blueberries and canberries

A

may and june

59
Q

when are bees pollinating melons squash pumpkins sunflowers

A

july/aug

60
Q

pesticides umbrella term includes x4

A

insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and miticides

61
Q

biggest type of pesticide used

A

herbicides then insecticides then fungicides

62
Q

3 ways pesticides end up in bee hives

A

1 - pollen/nectar
2 - water
3 - bee bodies after foraging in treated landscapes

63
Q

what is the name of the dose of pesticide that kills half a honey bee population in a short time

A

ld50 or lethal dose 50

64
Q

4 ways of measuring pesticide harm

A

1 - acute toxicity
2 - residual toxicity
3- chronic toxicity
4- sublethal effects

65
Q

acute toxicity

A

dosage needed to kill bees in short period of time (24 hours)

66
Q

3 most toxic insecticides

A

clothianidin
imidacloprid
thiamethoxam

67
Q

residual toxicity is

A

the time required to reduce to acute toxicity of a pesticide so that bee mortality is lowered to 25%

68
Q

if 1 in 4 bees visit a flower die that’s considered

A

low residual toxicity

69
Q

chronic toxicity is when

A

we are talking about pesticides that remain in the hive for longer than 1-4 days
stored in bee bread/in the wax

70
Q

sublethal effects are

A

when there are health impacts other than mortality

71
Q

examples of what sublethal effects are on individual bees x6

A

learning
memory
locomotion
feeding
reproduction
foraging

72
Q

how do insecticides work

A

impairing nervous system in insects

73
Q

5 major classes of synthetic insecticides

A

organo phosphates
carbamates
pyrethroids
insect regrowth regulators
neonictionoids

74
Q

how does an organo phosphate work

A

inhibits an enzyme molecule needed for nerve functioning

75
Q

high levels of organo phosphates can cause

A

acute toxicity - paralysis, twitching, death

76
Q

low levels of organo phosphates can cause

A

disorientation
impaired memory and learning

77
Q

most commonly applied organo phosphate

A

chlorpyrifos - highly toxic to honey bees and found in 15-20% of hives in north and south america + europe

78
Q

how do carbamates work

A

act on a different enzyme that impairs nerve functioning - similar to organo phosphates

79
Q

acute symptoms of carbamates

A

paralysis
sublethal - learning/memory impairment

80
Q

how do pyrethroids work

A

pass sodium through sodium channel proteins allows nerves to communicate with each other

81
Q

high doses of pyrethroids what symptoms

A

twitching
paralysis
death

82
Q

pyrethroids had blank residual toxicity

A

low

83
Q

how do insect growth regulators work

A

chemicals that disrupt growth of immature insects using variety of methods

84
Q

insect growth regulators are toxic to what age insects

A

larva

85
Q

most used insecticide worldwide

A

neonictinoids

86
Q

how many different types of neonictinoids are available

A

7

87
Q

how do neonictinoids work

A

interfere with nervous system including insect brain

88
Q

how are neonictinoids applied to

A

sprayed
injected into tree trunks
drenched into soils
coated onto seeds

89
Q

how are bees exposed to neonictionoids

A

pollen/nectar contaminated
application drift to other plants in area
soil/waterways in contact
dust from planting coated seeds

90
Q

which neonictionoid is more toxic and which is less

A

nitro - more -LD50 = under 2 micrograms per bee =death
cyano - less - mild to moderate

91
Q

what is the most commonly pesticide used in conventional agriculture

A

herbicides
round up - glyphosate

92
Q

are herbicides posing a risk towards pollinator health

A

no

93
Q

biggest negative impact with herbicides

A

limiting floral resources
indirect impact

94
Q

what are fungicides used for

A

control disease that infects variety or fruits, veggies, grains

95
Q

how can fungicides harm bees

A

increase toxicity of other pesticides

96
Q

where are high levels of fungicides found in hive

A

entomed pollen

97
Q

which bees are at the highest risk with fungicides

A

those used in pollination services

98
Q

what impact do EBI fungicides have on miticides

A

increases toxicity - apistan/ checkmite+

99
Q

8 ways to help bees in relation to pesticides

A

1 - rotate old combs
2 - miticides - practice IPM minimize miticide residues
3 - pollination - keep 2 sets of colonies 1 for pollinating and 1 for honey
4 - pollination contracts - include pesticide poisoning
5 - reporting - report poisoning to state apiarist
6 - talking to growers - communication about spraying and importance to apiary
7 - moving hives - establish a holding apiary if you need to move for spraying
8 - talking to public - inform where to buy plants, bee friendly

100
Q

4 types of financial records you should keep

A

revenue - income
expenses - costs of doing business
assets - things business owns
liabilities - debts

101
Q

how to calculate equity

A

assets - liabilities

102
Q

3 phases business growth

A

startup
market establishment
stabilization

103
Q

US 4 types of businesses

A

sole proprietorship
partnership
limited liability companies
corporation

104
Q

what is a sole proprietorship

A

no distinction between owner and business - high risk to business owner

105
Q

what is a partnership

A

similar to sole proprietorship but with multiple owners

106
Q

what is a limited liability company

A

similar tax and liability benefits to owner as a corporation but with less paperwork and less legal fees

107
Q

what types of corporations are there

A

s - small corporate entity - less than 100 shareholders
c - taxed separately from shareholders to whom they are responsible
b - try to provide a public/societal good or mission and treat employees as shareholders - similar to c corp in taxation

108
Q

4 skills to be a good mentor

A

knowledge of science/art beekeeping
experience
effective communication
patient and compassionate

109
Q
A

Master Beekeeping (5 decks)

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