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Master Beekeeping > Part3 > Flashcards

Part3 Flashcards

1
Q

blank is distinct for bees from same colony - can tell nest mates from robbers

A

skin oils

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2
Q

bee skin called

A

cuticle

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3
Q

how can pathogens get into bees

A

food, contact with flowers, nest mates, fecal matter

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4
Q

what 2 things in gut offer protection against virus/bacteria

A

1- symbiotic bacterial communities in gut
2 - acidic pH of gut

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5
Q

what is innate immunity

A

immunity consistently present across life of organism

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6
Q

humans have what kind of immunity

A

adaptive (remember past attackers by keeping markers in blood)

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7
Q

6 types of social immunity

A

1 - grooming
2 - undertaking
3 - requeening
4 - absconding
5 - siting the nest
6 - propolizing the nest

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8
Q

what is it called when bees groom each other

A

allogrooming - remove objects/pathogens from nest mates

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9
Q

how old are undertaker bees

A

2-3 weeks old

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10
Q

what might colonies under stress from parasites/pathogens do with queen

A

replace her

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11
Q

when would bees abscond x 4

A

mite levels too high
hive damage
repetitive bear attacks
environmental problems

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12
Q

what is propolis

A

wax mixed with plant resin

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13
Q

presence of propolis reduces what and does what for colony

A

reduces expression of immune related genes, which is good means colony is healthier/less stressed with propolis

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14
Q

after what type of infection will colony increase # of resin foragers

A

chalkbrood

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15
Q

honeybee microbiome is

A

community of beneficial microorganisms found in gut

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16
Q

where do bees acquire gut bacteria

A

from hive environment and nestmates - touching fecal matter (at age 4-6 days old)

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17
Q

3 parts of IPM

A

1 - support honey bee immunity
2 - track the pest or parasite population
3 - targeted intervention by beekeeper

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18
Q

how does a beekeeper support honey bee immunity x6

A

provide access to flowers
supplement nutrition
clean and dry space
protection from heat/cold
strong genetic stock
cultural controls

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19
Q

4 ways to track pest/parasite population for IPM

A

1 - whether pests are affecting colony
2 - how those levels change over time
3 - whether or not high enough levels to affect colony - require intervention
4 - was intervention effective

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20
Q

wax moths in strong colony will

A

build slowly/keep to corners

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21
Q

wax moths in weak colonies will

A

destroy brood combs w/in weeks to months - not usually direct cause of colony death

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22
Q

wax worms raised commercially for

A

fish bait/feeding reptiles, birds, other small mammals

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23
Q

what other new study about wax moths is cool

A

they can eat plastic bags, decomposing polyethylene plastic films into ethylene glycol

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24
Q

2 species of wax moths

A

lesser and greater

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25
Q

wax moth eggs laid where

A

cracks/crevices or unprotected comb

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26
Q

how long until wax moths hatch

A

3 to 8 days in warm weather, up to 1 month when cold

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27
Q

what do wax worms eat

A

nectar, honey, pollen, bee bread, wax, cocoons of molting larvae/pupae in brood comb

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28
Q

how long can wax worm feeding phase last

A

5 months

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29
Q

how long until adult moths emerge and waht do they do

A

a week to 2 months - leave hive to harden wings and mate, come back to lay eggs

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30
Q

how long do wax moths live

A

avg of 12 days

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31
Q

what size/what do wax worms look like

A

between 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch, grey/brown in color with long thin antennae

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32
Q

difference between wax worm and small hive beetle larvae

A

twice as big as small hive beetle and SHB have no prolegs, wax moths have 4

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33
Q

how do shb vs wax moth larvae feel differet

A

shb rubbery
wax moth squish

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34
Q

indications of wax moths x 3

A

webbing on surface of frames (bees can’t remove)
fecal matter on webbing
bald brood could be - will uncap own larvae if wax moths beneath

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35
Q

when do wax moths usually fly

A

at night

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36
Q

wax moth eggs - how many are laid at once and what do they look like

A

laid in masses 50-100 but too small to be visible

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37
Q

wax moth larvae - looks like x 4

A

3/4 inch long - white with dark head but darken as they age
3 pairs of legs
multiple body segments
small prolegs

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38
Q

wax moth pupae - found where and look like

A

touch white cocoons are 1/2 to 3/4 inch long and usually stuck in oval depressions

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39
Q

wax moth adults

A

between 1/2 to 3/4 inch long with wingspan 1and 1/4 to 1/ and 1/2 inch
less wax moths are smaller

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40
Q

how to prevent wax moths x 5

A

strong hive - will remove larvae and prevent adults from entering
only supering when bees bring in nectar
freeze equipment or heat to 115 for 1.5 hours
store in airtight containers/bags
expose boxes to light

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41
Q

are there wax moth treatments for active hive

A

no

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42
Q

2 chemical treatments for wax moths

A

1 - honey supers fumigated with co2 - doesn’t affect honey
2- hive bodies but not honey can be fumigated with PDB crystals

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43
Q

If using PDB is it affective against eggs

A

no - needs to be used continously

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44
Q

how long before reusing a hive treated with PDB

A

at least 48 hours aired out

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45
Q

SHB arrived in US what year

A

1998 in FL

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46
Q

what can an intense SHB infection do

A

ferment honey - makes slimy discolored and frothy

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47
Q

SHB is a problem when

A

population small/colony weak or have too much space to defend

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48
Q

how many eggs can SHB lay

A

1000-2000

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49
Q

how fast do shb eggs hatch

A

in 3-5 days

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50
Q

how long do SHB larvae feed on bee resources

A

10-14 days or more

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51
Q

what do shb do after feeding

A

leave hive at night and got 4-8 inches down in soil to pupate

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52
Q

how long are shb pupating in soil

A

3-4 weeks

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53
Q

what do SHB do after pupating

A

fly back into hive at dusk - can identify hives by pheromones

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54
Q

how long after returning to hive do shb mate

A

1 week

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55
Q

how long is entire lifecycle of shb

A

4-6 weeks

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56
Q

how long can adult shb live

A

up to 6 months

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57
Q

what does shb do in winter

A

stops reproducing and keeps warm/alive with bee cluster

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58
Q

what does shb do to honey when their population is high

A

defecate and gets slimy/greasy - smells like rotting oranges -humans & bees will reject

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59
Q

shb eggs look like and are where

A

similar in appearance to bee eggs but smaller
laid in clusters
small puncture in cap of brood cell visible

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60
Q

shb larvae looks like

A

whiteish with brown heads much larger than adult beetles
resembles wax moths but wax moth larger
have 3 pairs of legs next to head but no additional prolegs like wax moths

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61
Q

shb pupae are where/look like

A

underground - not apparent
pearly white and darken over 3-4 weeks of pupating

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62
Q

adult shb are size/color

A

1/4 inch long and .13 wide
dark brown turn black when mature
6 legs and club like antennae
adults prefer top of hives

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63
Q

3 ways to prevent shb

A

keep apiaries/honey houses free of combs, cappings, wet frames
promptly replace uneaten pollen patties and extra supers
controlled with beetle traps/swiffers - pesticides in ground last resort

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64
Q

how far can adult shb fly

A

8 miles

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65
Q

how long can adult shb survive without food

A

10 days

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66
Q

are there protocols to measure level of shb infestation

A

no

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67
Q

what humidity level to keep honey house at to delay shb from hatching

A

below 50% humidity

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68
Q

2 synthetic chemicals to treat shb

A

checkmite +
gardstar

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69
Q

should you use checkmite+ and why

A

no - ingredients stay in frames for many years - fertility problems in queens

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70
Q

should you use gardstar and why

A

no - main ingredient permethrin is toxic to bees and animals

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71
Q

4 ways to reduce wasps as pests

A

1 - entrance reducers/robber screens
2 - no cracks/holes in hives - wasps can smell the honey
3 - don’t use open feeders - dripping honey while working, keeping colony open for extended time
4 - wasp traps at edges of apiary

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72
Q

wasps eat blank and blank

A

honey and dead adults & brood

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73
Q

what is nosema

A

disease of digestive system - fungal gut parasite cause by 2 different species

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74
Q

what are the two species of nosema

A

apis and ceranae

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75
Q

can a colony have both types of nosema

A

yes

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76
Q

is dysentery a symptom of nosema ceranae

A

no

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77
Q

which version of nosema is still prevalent today

A

ceranae - apis almost wiped out

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78
Q

which version of nosema is specific to honeybees

A

apis, ceranae can affect other bees too - bumbles

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79
Q

how does a bee get infected with nosema and how does it spread

A

spores enter body
spread through fecal->oral route or through grooming or sexually transmitted

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80
Q

how many infected spores in midgut one infected bee

A

30-50 million

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81
Q

symptoms of nosema in individual bees x5

A

1 = bee has less energy - parasite uses energy
2 - starved state and eat more food - less able to make royal jelly
3 - start foraging earlier - not 100% on why (helps spread disease to others?)
4 - less likely to return home - disoriented
5 - die sooner - avg 9 dies earlier

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82
Q

can nosema affect more than workers

A

yes - all castes

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83
Q

colony level symptoms of nosema

A

reduced honey production
decreased adult population
sometimes death - not common in USA
reduced brood production

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84
Q

if a colony dies from nosema where do the adult bees die

A

far away from hive

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85
Q

dysentery is usually a sign of what

A

nutrition issues
fermented honey, dark honey, unripened honey or sugar with high moisture content

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86
Q

how to tell if your colony has nosema - 2 ways

A

send sample to beltville lab in maryland - free
at least 100 bees collected alive
get back spore count per bee
OR count yourself under microscope

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87
Q

name of device used to count blood cells

A

hemocytometer

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88
Q

when is nosema most common during year

A

spring but high levels in fall can kill over winter

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89
Q

nosema infections can exacerbated by

A

pesticides

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90
Q

are there registered treatments for nosema that are effective

A

no

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91
Q

ways to prevent/manage nosema x5

A

good drainage & sun during winter
good ventilation
spring - supplement with syrup & pollen if jelly levels are low
replace old comb with foundation to prevent accumulation of spores
combs that are from colonies with nosema should be disinfected before used again

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92
Q

how to disinfect combs with nosema - 4 ways

A

1 - freeze combs/hive bodies at least 4 days
2 - fumigate combs/hives with acetic acid - lay pads on top bars of hive body for 1 week
3 - expose combs/hives to heat - at least 120 for 24 hours or 140 for 15 mins
4 - expose to gamma radiation

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93
Q

tips to control nosema infection

A

move to isolated apiary if higher than 1 million spores per bee
support with syrup and pollen
increase population
treat if all else fails

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94
Q

2 natural products to help nosema infections

A

1 - nosevit - oak bark extract
2 - hivealive - seaweed extracts, thymol, lemongrass oil

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95
Q

is fumagillin an effective treatment for nosema

A

no - was used to treat apis may make cerane worse

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96
Q

what is fumagillin

A

antibiotic derived from funus aspergillus fumigatus

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97
Q

how does fumagillin work

A

inhibits an enzyme in nosema parasite, METAP2
only targets parasite and doesn’t kill spores
remaining spores can reinfect bees

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98
Q

side effects of fumagillian on bees if given regularly

A

impact digestive health - low levels alter midgut proteins
METAP2 enzyme is in all organisms not just nosema

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99
Q

side effects of fumagillian on humans

A

abdominal cramps
weight loss

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100
Q

can you apply fumagillian when honey supers present

A

no

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101
Q

what is the leading cause of colony losses

A

varroa mites

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102
Q

how many and names of varroa species

A

2 varroa jacobsoni and varroa destructor

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103
Q

which varroa species is bigger and more ovular

A

destructor

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104
Q

which type affects western honey bees

A

only destructor - jacobsoni can’t reproduce

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105
Q

which type of bee originally had varroa

A

asian honey bee - moved to others in 1960s to western bee

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106
Q

when and where did varroa enter US

A

1987 - florida - hives transported to wisconsin from fl

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107
Q

when did every contigous state have varroa

A

1990s (hawaii 2007)

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108
Q

where are the areas without varroa

A

newfoundland canada and australia (had a case it was destroyed)

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109
Q

where do varroa mites reproduce

A

brood cells (prefer drone)

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110
Q

2 stages in varroa life cycle

A

1 - reproductive - mite inside cell reproducing and feeding on pupae
2 - phoretic - mite on outside of adult bee feeding on bee

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111
Q

when do varroa enter brood cells - worker vs drone

A

worker = 20 hours before capped
drone = 40 hours before capped

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112
Q

how many more time likely varroa to be in drone cell vs worker cell

A

9x

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113
Q

how many days after cell is capped does varroa lay egg and what sex of egg

A

3 days and male

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114
Q

how many eggs and how often does varroa lay egg after first egg - how many total per cell

A

every 30 hours or so - female
total 1-6 female eggs

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115
Q

what color are varroa when hatching male vs female

A

male - white to light pink and small
female - white but darken with age

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116
Q

how many days for varroa to reach sexual maturity - both sexes

A

6 days

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117
Q

when the bee leaves the cell after being with varroa what happens to the varroa

A

mated females go out on the bee, the male and immature females die in the cell

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118
Q

on avg how many mites released per cell worker vs drone

A

1.3 worker
2.6 drone

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119
Q

how long are mites on adult bees feeding

A

13 days - 7 avg

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120
Q

what type bees do varroa prefer and why

A

nurse bees - closer to brood plus better nutrition

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121
Q

in apis cerana (asian honey bee) varroa can only reproduce where

A

in drone brood

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122
Q

what do varroa mites transmit to bees and what can it become if advanced

A

viruses and called parasitic mite syndrome

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123
Q

when does varroa peak in northeast

A

late summer - fall, need to monitor aug - oct
when making winter bees

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124
Q

4 ways varroa impact health

A

1 - feed on fat bodies = shortened lifespan
2 - transmit viruses through wounds in bee cuticle - can sicken/kill bees
3 - can suppress bee immune system
4 - can kill entire colonies if unmanaged = die within 6months - 2 years

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125
Q

problem if bees parasitized in fall

A

may not develop into winter bees - varroa reduces lipid levels

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126
Q

problem if bees parasitized during development

A

smaller hypophargengeal glands and lower protein levels as adults (ability to feed larva)

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127
Q

varroa is a vector for how many bee viruses

A

at least 8

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128
Q

Parasitic mite syndrome is when and 3 things happening in colony with it

A

the most advanced stage of varroa infestation happens in a colony
diseased brood with 1 or more viruses
adults with deformed wings
visible mites on adults

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129
Q

signs of hygenic behavior with varroa

A

spotty brood
perforated cappings
chewed down brood

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130
Q

how fast after getting PMS stage can colony collapse

A

within 1-4 weeks

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131
Q

how much does varroa grow it’s population per month

A

doubles once per month

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132
Q

IPM for varroa

A

keep levels low all year
manage mites before hitting dangerous levels
develop scheduling plan to regularly monitor

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133
Q

what percentage of colonies should you monitor for varroa

A

10%

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134
Q

what level of mites to take action - both spring and fall

A

if 2 per 100 Apr-July
if 3 per 100 Aug-October

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135
Q

what kind of bees do you want to sample with alcohol wash/sugar shake

A

nurse bees on brood

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136
Q

what percentage alcohol to use in alcohol wash

A

70% of better

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137
Q

methods for measuring varroa that don’t work x4

A

visual observation
uncapping drone brood
sticky board
ether roll - car starter fluid

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138
Q

today what is considered a severe infection of mites - #, %

A

over 3000
2-3%
2-3 per 100

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139
Q

3 stages of hygenic behavior

A

chew holes in cappings
bald brood
chewed down brood

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140
Q

other than varroa what other diseases can bees detect

A

chalkbrood
sacbrood
viruses
american foulbrood

141
Q

5 genetic stocks for varroa resistance

A

VSH - varroa sensitive hygenic
Minnesota hygenic
Purdue ankle biter
Russian
Saskatraz

142
Q

what trait do vsh queens have

A

kill and remove pupae from cells that contain reproductive mites

143
Q

pure vsh queen reduced mite levels by what %

A

76

144
Q

whats important about minnesota hygenic queens

A

developed to resist & recover from foulbrood and chalkbrood but okay at varroa resistance
not as good as VSH - don’t detect mites - detect issue with pupae

145
Q

how does purdue ankle biter handle varroa

A

target phoretic mites and bites off part of body and legs

146
Q

why are russian bees good at taking care of varroa

A

resistance through natural selection
also resistance to tracheal mites

147
Q

what behaviors do russian bees have that help resist varroa

A

high degree of vsh
cease brood production in times of food shortage = reduced cells for varroa to reproduce

148
Q

traits of saskatraz bees

A

produce honey, overwinter in cold climates, gentle temperament, resist brood diseases and viruses, exhibit hygenic behavior

149
Q

asian bees have a more pronounced blank behavior that reduces varroa

A

grooming

150
Q

cultural controls for varroa x 5

A

drone frames
screened bottom boards
small hives
colony spacing
brood interruption

151
Q

how are drone frames used to lower varroa populations

A

removed every 10-24 days with max # capped
freeze and give back
effective april - july

152
Q

how are screened bottom board used to lower varroa and how effective

A

mites chewed or injured fall to bottom and through screen
if sticky board they stick and die
minimally effective

153
Q

how are small hives effective at keeping varroa population low

A

1 deep and 1-2 supers during honey flow
less brood - mites can’t grow as large
1 deep significantly less mite population growth

154
Q

how does colony spacing lower varroa populations

A

less drift/robbing
passing around viruses less

155
Q

what is a brood break

A

allow colony to swarm - waits for queen to emerge, mate, begin laying

156
Q

how long of a brood break do you get when
performing splits
requeening
captured swarm
temp cage queen

A

splits = 35 days w/o capped brood
requeening = small break might not be enough
captured swarm = 9 day break
temp cage queen = 25 days

157
Q

why does a brood break work against varroa and how effective

A

no brood = can’t reproduce
mild to moderate effectiveness

158
Q

does small cell foundation work against varroa

A

not effective

159
Q

what can we learn from wild bees

A
  • smaller in size - less time for mite in cell
  • choose spaced out colonies
  • live in small space (1 deep hive)
  • swarm yearly
160
Q

how many registered chemicals to treat varroa

A

8

161
Q

what 3 classes of chemical

A

synthetic
essential oils
organic acids

162
Q

thymol and oxalic are from what plants

A

thyme and rhubarb

163
Q

synthetic chemicals are considered blank vs natural chemicals are considered

A

hard vs soft

164
Q

two synthetic chemical treatments

A

apivar/apistan

165
Q

3 natural chemical treatments are organic acids

A

mite away
oxalic
hop guard

166
Q

2 natural chemicals that are essential oils

A

apiguard/ api life var

167
Q

apivar is made of blank and is what % insecticide

A

amitraz - 3.3%

168
Q

how is apivar applied

A

on strips that you hang between frames
bees walk over and spread through hive

169
Q

can you use apivar with supers on

A

no - should wait 2 weeks after before supering

170
Q

what does apivar do to mites

A

impairs nerve function which kills them

171
Q

how long and how many strips of apivar should go in a hive based on number of frames of bees (4 choices)

A

42 days (14 more if bees not on the strips)
1 strip for 5 frames
2-6 for 10 frames
3 strips 11-15 frames
4 strips 16+ frames

172
Q

is apivar temperature dependent and if yes what temps

A

no

173
Q

apistan is made of and contains what % insecticide

A

tau-fluvalinate - 10.25%

174
Q

how is apistan applied

A

same as apivar - hang strips between frames but at this one use alternating corners

175
Q

what does apistan do to mites

A

nerve damage and then killed

176
Q

is apistan temperature dependent and if yes what temps

A

yes - warmer than 50 degrees

177
Q

can apistan be used with supers on

A

no

178
Q

best time to apply apistan during the year

A

early spring before honey flow
fall after supers removed
not winter

179
Q

how many strips per frames of bees do you apply with apistan and how long do you leave treatment on

A

42-56 days
same as apivar:
1 strip for 5 frames
2-6 for 10 frames
3 strips 11-15 frames
4 strips 16+ frames

180
Q

how soon after apistan can you super

A

immediately

181
Q

apiguard is made of

A

thymol (25%)

182
Q

how is apiguard applied

A

place on top bars
it’s a gel - slow controlled release through vapor

183
Q

can you leave supers on with apiguard

A

no

184
Q

is apiguard temperature dependent and what is the range if yes

A

yes 60-105

185
Q

how long and how much should you apply apiguard

A

1 gel for 2 weeks, add another gel and wait 2 more weeks

186
Q

if you overdose bees on thymol what does it do to them

A

death, abscond, defensive

187
Q

what is api life var made of

A

essential oils - thymol, eucalyptus, methol

188
Q

how is api life var applied

A

tablet - break into 4 pieces place on corners of brood nest
vapor dissipates from tablet throughout colony

189
Q

can you have honey supers with api life var and how long after applying would you be able to put them back

A

no and wait 30 days after to re-super

190
Q

what temperature range to apply api life var

A

65-85

191
Q

how long do you apply api life var

A

7-10 days, replace tablets wait another 7-10 days, repeat 3rd time for 12 days

192
Q

how many frames of bees should you have to use api life var

A

8-20 frames

193
Q

hop guard 2 is made of

A

hops beta acids (beer flowers)

194
Q

how is hop guard 2 applied and how long do you leave it in

A

strips covered in liquid
2 strips per brood box 4 inches apart
30 days

195
Q

can hop guard 2 be used with supers

A

yes

196
Q

is hop guard 2 more or less effective with brood present

A

less

197
Q

is there a minimum number of bees you need to use hop guard 2

A

yes - min 5 frames
1 strip for 5-9
2 for 10-14
3 for 15-19
4 for 20+

198
Q

Mite away quick strips are made of

A

formic acid - naturally found in honey
46.7%

199
Q

how is mite away applied

A

gel strip with paper wrapping to control vapor
stagger strips on brood box beneath excluder

200
Q

can mite away be effective with brood present

A

yes - can penetrate cappings kill reproducing mites

201
Q

what temperatures can you apply mite away

A

50-80 degrees
over 92 = brood loss/queen mortality

202
Q

how long to apply mite away

A

1 dose every 2-6 weeks and don’t open for 7 days

203
Q

what is formic pro

A

newer version of mite away - shelf life is longer

204
Q

how to apply formic pro - how long

A

2 strips x 14 days or 1 strip for 10 and then another strip for 10 more days

205
Q

what is oxalic acid made of

A

oxalic acid dihydrate - from plants - 97%

206
Q

what temperature to apply oxalic acid

A

doesn’t matter

207
Q

can oxalic acid be effective with brood present

A

no - doesn’t penetrate cappings

208
Q

3 different applications of oxalic acid

A

fumigation
dribble
package spray

209
Q

how does oxalic fumigation work

A

becomes gas, coats bees with oxalic - kills mites

210
Q

how much oxalic when fumigating and how long to do it

A

1 gram per brood chamber - 2.5 minutes of vapor

211
Q

how to do oxalic dribble

A

dissolve in sugar syrup
35 grams in 1 liter - 1:1 sugar syrup

212
Q

how much oxalic to dribble

A

5ml onto bees in each bee space up to 50ml max

213
Q

why shouldn’t you use oxalic dribble in winter

A

can chill brood under 37 degrees

214
Q

when spraying oxalic on a package what would you do

A

spray with sugar syrup so they engorge themselves
wait 2 hours
spray with oxalic - same mixture as dribble

215
Q

how much to use when spraying package with oxalic

A

3ml per 1000 bees
2lbs = 21 ml
3lbs = 31.5 ml

216
Q

what is problematic about fluvalinate x5

A

interferes with reproduction
low sperm counts
low birth weight queens
physical abnormalities
stays in beeswax

217
Q

what mite treatment doesn’t stay residually in wax

A

amitraz

218
Q

what percentage efficacy for all treatments

A

61-99%

219
Q

3 times you should treat as apiary and not as individual

A

1 when you don’t know levels in each colony - only a sampled a portion
2 colonies are in close proximity (drift)
3 if treating when robbing is likely

220
Q

when are varroa levels usually too high

A

sept/oct

221
Q

honey bees are susceptible to how many different viruses

A

minimum 19

222
Q

viruses are the most difficult to diagnose for what 4 reasons

A

infected bees are asymptomatic at low levels - only symptoms at high levels
symptoms may not be evident in all stages of bees
many viruses have same symptoms
several can be present at once

223
Q

what viruses given by varroa x 7

A

deformed wing
kashmir
acute bee paralysis
israeli acute paralsis
slow bee paralyusis
varroa destructor virus-1
kakugo

224
Q

if you don’t managed mites during summer but have low levels during fall - what side effect

A

bees can have low varroa but high virus levels

225
Q

how to identify sacbrood virus

A

larva’s curled upward position and shrunken head
fluid filled sac like appearance
removeable scale
turn pale yellow then eventually brown and dry out = flat scale

226
Q

sacbrood is most common what times of year

A

spring or dearth

227
Q

do adults or larva have sacbrood

A

both can have, adults no real symptoms become foragers early and are bad at it

228
Q

how is sacbrood transmitted

A

infected brood food - associated with varroa not vector but they carry virus

229
Q

ways to determine sacbrood infection x 3

A

perforated cappings
check for shrunken head/sac
sometimes only 1 or 2 cells affected
brood could be spotty with heavy infection

230
Q

how to manage sacbrood

A

good nutrition
fertile queen
hygienic behavior will clean themselves
can discard frames/requeen if big infection

231
Q

which virus is the most prevalent and is a worldwide epedemic

A

deformed wing virus

232
Q

when is the deformed wing virus present

A

occurs at low levels without varroa
once varroa - virus activates, increases, kills colonies

233
Q

how does dwv spread

A

mostly through mites - without mites it doesn’t transfer

234
Q

symptoms of deformed wing

A

asymptomatic but when shows = noticeably deformed wings
sometimes shortened, bloated, darkened abdomens

235
Q

what castes of bees can get deformed wing

A

all castes even queen

236
Q

can other types of bees get dwv and which ones

A

yes - bumbles, carpenter, orchard

237
Q

how does dwv get passed through colony

A

from queen to daughters or grooming

238
Q

what is the 2nd most prevalent virus in honeybees

A

black queen cell virus

239
Q

what are the symptoms and signs of black queen cell virus

A

often asymptomatic
queen will die within cell if infected
queen will turn sac like and yellow - eventually brown/black
cell wall will also be brown/black
sometimes seen in drone cells but rare

240
Q

what is a sign of black queen cell that could affect all castes

A

k wing - dijointed wings no longer connected

241
Q

does black queen cell virus have an association with varroa

A

no
sometimes nosema

242
Q

how to avoid black queen cell virus x 3

A

good nutrition/health
sterile and clean grafting/hive tools
removing infected cells

243
Q

can black queen cell affect other types of bees and if yes which ones

A

yes - bumbles

244
Q

what is acute bee paralysis virus complex

A

3 complex and closely related viruses transmitted by varroa

245
Q

what are the symptoms of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)

A

paralysis
hair loss
acute death

246
Q

what are the other two complex viruses called that are similar to ABPV

A

KBV - kashmir bee virus
IAPV - israeli acute paralysis virus

247
Q

what age bees does ABPV infect

A

brood and adults

248
Q

symptoms of abpv x5

A

bees darken
lose hair
tremble
unable to fly
can die in one day if acute

249
Q

how is abpv transmitted

A

orally
contact with contaminated brood/feces
eating infected brood

250
Q

can abpv affect other bees and if yes which ones

A

yes - bumbles

251
Q

IAPV is strongly associated with what other issue

A

colony collapse disorder - but not all have both

252
Q

symptoms of IAPV x7

A

shivering wings
disorientated
paralyzed
slowly crawling
usually die right outside hive
body darker
thorax/abdomen hairless

253
Q

how is kashmir bee virus transmitted

A

varroa - only when varroa inject into hemolymph
feeding bees the virus does not equal infection

254
Q

what symptoms are associated with kbv

A

no symptoms - no trembling or hair loss

255
Q

how quickly can a bee infected with kbv die

A

3 days

256
Q

how to manage kbv

A

nutrition
strong queen
mite management

257
Q

can other bees get kbv and if yes which ones

A

yes bumbles

258
Q

chromic bee paralysis comes from a virus called

A

hairless black syndrome

259
Q

chronic bee paralysis has the same symptoms as

A

abpv but takes longer to die (3 days)

259
Q

2 forms of cbpv (chronic bee paralysis virus) - what symptoms

A

1 - adults turn dark/hairless and are not paraless = hairless black syndrome
2 - bees are paralyzed/crawl, trembling, kwing, do not darken or lose hair, bloated abdomens, dystentary

259
Q

if you have many trembling bees is it cbpv or abpv and why

A

cbpv - the abpv would die quicker

260
Q

how is cbpv spread

A

oral and body contact - crowded hives/confined hives

261
Q

what other virus is big in europe and oceania but not here yet

A

sbpv - slow bee paralysis virus - paralysis of front two pairs of legs
varroa transmitted

262
Q

what another virus related to deformed wing

A

kakugo - combined with dwv = defore wing virus complex

263
Q

best ways to manage viruses

A

healthy - good nutrition
strong populations
few external stressors
low levels of varroa

264
Q

are there any current treatments for any viruses

A

no

265
Q

what mite lives in the trachea and is it prevalent naymore

A

tracheal mites and no

266
Q

what bees were bread to resist tracheal mites

A

buckfast bees - buckfast abbey

267
Q

what did the us do and when to try and stop tracheal mites

A

us honey bee act - 1922
prevented import of bees from europe

268
Q

did tracheal mites get to the US anyway and how

A

yes - through swarms from mexico

269
Q

tracheal mites aren’t as big an issue anymore - what 3 things changed

A

1 - resistant stock
2 - natural resistance from bees who survived infestations
3 - control strategies by beekeepers once infestation confirmed

270
Q

how to tracheal mites affect bees

A

impair ability to breathe
infested bees can’t fly - die early

271
Q

what age/castes of bees do tracheal mites affect

A

adults and all castes
not brood

272
Q

which bees do tracheal mites choose to infect and why

A

young bees - can smell the difference
want to complete the whole life cycle before the bee dies

273
Q

symptoms of tracheal mites x4

A

crawling on ground in front of hives
sometimes k wing
inability to cluster in cool temps - will be scattered on frames
dwindling adult population

274
Q

how to treat when hive has tracheal mites x 3

A

resistant stock
grease patties
menthol crystals

275
Q

how to make grease patties

A

1 part veg oil with 3 parts powdered sugar to form patty
place between wax paper and glatten
place on top of frames over brood nest beneath excluder

276
Q

how do grease patties work to affect tracheal mites

A

bees eat patties and become covered in grease
mites can’t smell which bees to infest
old mites die without reinfesting new bees

277
Q

what is the name of the only chemical treatment available to control tracheal mites

A

mite-a-thol (menthol)

278
Q

how to treat using mite-a-thol

A

bag of chips
place entire bag on top of brood nest beneath excluder
leave for 28 days
temp between 60-80

279
Q

how does mite-a-thol work to control tracheal mites

A

as menthol evaporates it enters the bee trachea and kills the mites

280
Q

can you use mite-a-thol with supers

A

no - add 30 days after treating

281
Q

what are zombees

A

honey bees parasitized by phorid flies - fly to light sources at night

282
Q

is zombees common in the US

A

no

283
Q

how does a phorid fly infect honeybee

A

inserts ovipositor into bees abdomen and lays eggs
eggs hatch and crawl through bees body while it’s alive
dead w/in a week - consumed from inside out

284
Q

how many maggots can crawl out of a bee affected by a phorid fly

A

15

285
Q

symptoms of phorid fly affecting bees

A

attracted to light even in rain/cool temps
stranded at light sources and die
disoriented bees may walk in circles or fall over while standing

286
Q

are there treatments for phorid flies

A

no

287
Q

what is chalkbrood caused by and affects what

A

fungus ascophaera apis affects brood

288
Q

what does brood infected with chalkbrood look like

A

hard and white - resembles chalk
then turns brown or black in color

289
Q

where can you see mummies related to chalkbrood

A

in brood cells, on bottom board, on ground in front of hive

290
Q

what caste most affected by chalkbrood

A

workers and drones

291
Q

how does chalkbrood start

A

reproduces in spores consumed by larvae in brood food
germinates in hindgut of larvae and once capped become vegetable

292
Q

how does chalkbrood spread

A

after the larve dies - fungus develops fruiting bodies and produces spores to reproduce
will start as brown/black spots on the mummy and then eventually all larva is black

293
Q

how can chalkbrood be easily removed from frames

A

tapping frame on solid surface - will fall out

294
Q

when is chalkbrood most prevalent x 3 circumstances

A

spring
cool/humid
small population colonies

295
Q

how do bees fight chalkbrood

A

create social fever
increase brood nest temp by shivering wings
increase by .5 - .9 will stop chalkbrood from developing

296
Q

ways to prevent chalkbrood x 4

A

strong colony
eliminate moisture
avoid early splits - not enough to keep brood warm
remove 2 oldest combs each year to remove fungal spores

297
Q

treating chalkbrood how

A

no registered treatments
will clear up on its own OR re-queen

298
Q

what is the most infectious bacterial disease and how long can the spores last

A

american foulbrood
40 years

299
Q

symptoms of foulbrood

A

coffee colored larvae laying flat in their cells that rope when pulled
sometimes smells bad

300
Q

AFB is caused by

A

bacterium paenibacillius larvae

301
Q

2 states of afb

A

vegetative - active and causing infection and reproduces
spore state - no infection

302
Q

how do larvae contract afb

A

consume spores fed to them by nurse bees which have been picked up by food of feeding infected larvae

303
Q

how long are larvae susceptible to afb

A

only first 3 days after hatching

304
Q

what happens to a capped pupae after it’s infected with AFB

A

dies and becomes brown mucous like substance that lays flat on bottom of cell
eventually dries to brittle scale

305
Q

what will eventually happen to a colony with afb

A

it will die - adults not being replaced, population too low

306
Q

why is afb such a big deal

A

spores live 40 years
spores resistant to weather/hot and cold temps/bacteriodes, and antibiotics

307
Q

early symptoms of afb x5

A

spotty brood pattern with sunken concave or perforated cappings
coffee colored prepupae
string out into nearly inch long ropes
if they die - some bees will have tongue sticking out
foul odor - gym socks

308
Q

late symptoms of afb x4

A

dead prepupae become scale on lower cell wall
scale does not come out when picked with toothpick
foul odor
few adults present

309
Q

best way to diagnose afb

A

comprehensive inspection 3x a year
go through all frames looking for symptoms
use vita test kit and send samples to beltsville lab

310
Q

how to use vita test kit for afb and how soon are results

A

scoop out suspicious brood
place in test tube
shake contents
apply drops to kit
results in 2 mins

311
Q

how to use the beltsville lab to test for afb

A

send sample for free if in US
results in 2 weeks

312
Q

what is the ropy test for afb

A

insert a toothpick into cell, the goopy contents are stirred in circular motion
life out
if ropy - 1 inch long = positive diagnosis
not always reliable - efb can also rope

313
Q

what is the holst milk test for afb

A

scoop out ropy larva with toothpick and place in tub jar, etc
add small amount of water
add few drops skim milk
swirl and let sit for 30-40 minutes
if translucent and yellow = afb
if color change but still cloudy = efb
not always accurate

314
Q

what happens if confirmed afb

A

colony reported to state
destroyed by burning
disinfect equipment
all hives in yard inspected
hole dug in ground with bees in it and burned
hole covered up with enough dirt that animal can’t uncover

315
Q

what happened to using antibiotics to treat bees

A

was overused - developed resistance = ineffective
now need vet to write prescription

316
Q

what is efb and where is it found

A

bacterial infection by bacteria melissococcus plutonius
found worldwide

317
Q

how are bees infected with efb

A

larvae fed bacteria - must be younger than 2 days old
reproduces in midgut and competes with the bee for food

318
Q

when is efb most common - time of year

A

late spring when fewer nurse bees
also dearth
most susceptible when nutritionally stressed - pollination of poor nutrient crops

319
Q

what castes can get efb

A

all

320
Q

difference between afb and efb

A

afb usually die before capped

321
Q

how to tell if efb

A

larvae become yellow or brown and tracheal system can be seen beneath skin
contorted into twisted coil
decay into goopy puddle at bottom of cell
can sometimes rope out - shorter than afb
eventually dry into scale that can be removed with toothpick - rubbery to touch

322
Q

early symptoms of efb x6

A

spotty brood pattern
yellow/brown larvae - visible tracheal system
twisted inside cell
healthy larvae in contaminated jelly
melted looking larvae with mucous consistency
ropes out 1/2 inch

323
Q

late symptoms of efb

A

larvae become thin dark scale - scale can be picked out - rubbery
foul odor in some cases - sour/fishy
few adult bees present

324
Q

two ways to test for efb

A

vita efb test - results 3 minutes
beltsville lab - results 2 weeks

325
Q

how to treat efb

A

re-queen
no burning
not needed to report
can clear mild infection on their own - hygienic behavior and good nutrition
antibiotics - oxytetracycline

326
Q

idiopathic brood disease syndrome is

A

foul brood plus parasitic mite syndrome

327
Q

what does idiopathic brood disease look like

A

larvae sunken in bottom of cells
snotty brood
can also be twisted like efb
molten like afb
don’t rope out

328
Q

is idiopathic brood disease caused by varroa

A

no

329
Q

is idiopathic brood disease currently in the US

A

no

330
Q

treatments/strategies for dealing with idiopathic brood disease?

A

none right now

331
Q

what percentage of colony loses in the US every year

A

30-45%

332
Q

how many wild bee populations are decling

A

53
8 endangered as of 2017

333
Q

what is colony collapse disorder

A

syndrome with specific symptoms
not synonymous with general colony declines seen yearly

334
Q

5 symptoms of ccd

A

rapid population decline - adult bees disappearing, q with only few nurse bees
few of no dead bodies in hive
sufficient stored food - pollen and honey
lack of robbing by bees from neighboring colonies or pests
levels of varroa/nosema below treatment threshold

335
Q

has a cause for ccd been found

A

no

336
Q

who studied ccd heavily

A

dennis vanengelsdorp

337
Q

findings alongside ccd x3

A

heavy levels of viruses
both types of nosema infections
stressors/immune system compromise

338
Q

what time period made beekeeping popular and profitable

A

WWII - rationing of sugar made the prices of honey go up

339
Q

what spread across US late 1800s to 1900s that affect honey production for decades

A

foulbrood

340
Q

in the 1900s a lot of bees died in england from what

A

island of wight disease - 90% of bees died there in 3 separate years

341
Q

what major stressor has been affecting bees for years - wiped out about 1/2 a million colonies in 1967

A

pesticides

342
Q

waht environment factors are affecting honey bees x4

A

quality and quantity of good bee pasture
less cover crop
reduction in forage
more competition for habitat

343
Q

what social and economic factors affect honey bees

A

profitability goes up and down
shifts in international trade
political events -soviet collapse saw a large decline in colonies

344
Q

what is pathogen spillover

A

transmission of pathogens from a reservoir population to a new host population

345
Q

how do honey bees spread pathogens to wild bees

A

pathogens are picked up from flowers
generalist pollinators - collect food from many different types of flowers and spread the pathogens

346
Q
A

Master Beekeeping (5 decks)

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