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Master Beekeeping > Part1 > Flashcards

Part1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is superorganism

A

group of related, social individuals working together to effectively cooperate as one large organism

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2
Q

3 forms of communication

A

acoustic, chemical, visual

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3
Q

what is social immunity

A

social behaviors to reduce disease spread/parasites

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4
Q

examples of social immunity

A

grooming mites, remove brood with diseases, rise temp of hive to kill chalkbrood

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5
Q

correct name of western honey bees (species)

A

apis mellifera

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6
Q

what are the 6 classifications

A
  1. kingdom
  2. phylum
  3. class
  4. order
  5. family
  6. genus
  7. species
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7
Q

5 types of kingdoms and what are honey bees

A

animals** plants, fungi, bacteria, archea

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7
Q

what phylum are honey bees

A

arthopods/arthopoda

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8
Q

what makes honey bees arthopods

A

invertabrates/exoskeletons, segmented bodies

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8
Q

What class are honey bees

A

insecta

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8
Q

what other classes are in the arthopoda phyulum

A

insecta, arachnida, crustacea

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9
Q

what qualities make you insecta class

A

6 legs across 3 body parts, compound eyes, antennae

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10
Q

What order do honey bees belong to

A

hymenoptera

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11
Q

what family do honey bees belong to

A

apidae

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12
Q

what genus do honey bees belong in

A

Apis

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13
Q

what species are honey bees

A

apis mellifera

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14
Q

melli-fera stands for

A

melli = honey, fera = bearer

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15
Q

characteristics of yellow jackets

A

nests underground, no honey, bright yellow and black, adults eat nectar, babies are carnivores

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16
Q

characteristics of paper wasps

A

open papery hexagonal cells, no honey, hairless, body larger than honeybee, yellow and black OR black and brown banding

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17
Q

characteristics of syrphid flies

A

no nests, not social, yellow and black OR black and brown banding, single pair of wings, body smaller than honey bee

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18
Q

what is eusociality

A

individuals that depend on societal organization to survive and cannot live on their own

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19
Q

3 charcteristics of eusocial organism

A
  1. overlapping generations - more than 1 living together (queen and workers)
  2. cooperative brood care - share duty of raising young that isn’t theirs
  3. reproductive division of labor - queen sole egg layer, workers do not reproduce
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20
Q

what is altruism

A

majority of female bees in colony suppress their own reproduction and instead help another individual

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21
Q

what is kin theory

A

strategy to increase reproduction of someone else while decreasing your own

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22
Q

how many sets of chromosomes in male bees

A

1

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23
Q

how many sets of chromosomes in female bees

A

2

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24
Q

queen bees mate with how many males

A

12-50

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25
Q

how many eggs does queen lay a day

A

1,000 to 1,500

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26
Q

what is polyandry

A

multiple mates

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27
Q

how many species of wild bees

A

20,000

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28
Q

are most wild bees social?

A

no - vast majority are solitary

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29
Q

are wild bees more susceptible to habitat loss

A

yes

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30
Q

how do honey bees reproduce

A
  1. swarming 2. individuals mate
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31
Q

what is DNA

A

the name of molecule that carries genetic material

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32
Q

what are genes

A

sections of DNA that code for particular proteins

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33
Q

dna is tightly coiled into molecules called

A

chromosomes

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34
Q

how many chromosomes for honey bee dna

A

16 - females have 2 sets so 32

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35
Q

honey bee genome how many genes approx

A

10,000

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36
Q

what are proteins

A

building blocks of life

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37
Q

what molecules are important to reproduction - 4

A

proteins, neurotransmitters, hormones, pheromones

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38
Q

what are proteins needed for

A
  1. organs made up of them
  2. immune system needs to function
  3. development and reproduction
  4. instructions for building proteins are in DNA
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39
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by neurons in brain to send fast signals to other neurons (messenger molecules of nervous system)

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40
Q

what do neurotransmitters help with - 3 things

A
  1. muscle movements
  2. learning
  3. memory
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41
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals produced in special glands that are secreted into blood to be carried to specific organs/tissues to influence how they function

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42
Q

hormones are involved in

A

reproduction, development, and general functions (stress)

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43
Q

what are pheromones

A

chemicals produced in special glands but are secreted outside the body to elicit a behavioral or physiological response by another indivdual

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44
Q

pheromones are a form of

A

communication

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45
Q

when does mating peak in northeast

A

spring/summer

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46
Q

how many mating flights and how far will queen go for mating

A

1-3, and up to 9 miles

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47
Q

how far up are drone congregation areas

A

50-200 ft

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48
Q

how do drones detect queen

A

sight and smell

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49
Q

how long after mating will queen start laying eggs

A

2-4 days

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50
Q

what time do most mating flights happen

A

between 2-5pm

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51
Q

what different about worker bees reproductive system vs. queen

A

have fewer ovarioles and aren’t able to mate

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52
Q

when do drones sexually mature

A

9-12 days of adult life

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53
Q

how many eggs per minute does queen lay

A

1 egg per minute, 1,500 a day, half a million in 2-3 year life span

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54
Q

where are eggs produced in queens and how many do queens have

A

ovarioles, 150-180

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55
Q

what is the place sperm is stored and how many are stored

A

spermatheq (sperm sac) - 5-6 million sperm

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56
Q

process when egg is released

A
  1. leaves ovariole
  2. slides down oviduct
  3. passes by spermatea
  4. moves through body
  5. exists body
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57
Q

process when egg fertilized

A

small duct to spermatheca opens as egg passes by to fertilize

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58
Q

how does a queen signal fertility

A

queen pheromone (blend of pheromones)

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59
Q

if a worker mates can they fertilize egg

A

no - all unfertilized eggs

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60
Q

how fast can workers detect absence of queen

A

20 minutes

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61
Q

what is ovipositor in other insects, what is it in bees

A

used for laying eggs, is adapted stinger!

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62
Q

how many days do bees spend as egg and larva

A

3 egg, 6 larva

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63
Q

how long do honey bees pupate by caste

A

drones - 15, workers- 12, queen - 7

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64
Q

what is main function of larva

A

to eat and grow

65
Q

what are workers fed

A

royal jelly and then bee bread

66
Q

what are eggs a sign of

A

queen has been there in last 1-3 days

67
Q

how many workers does colony need before they start investing in drones

A

4,000 approx

68
Q

what does fertilized egg inherit

A

2 sets of chromosomes (diploid) = female

69
Q

what does unfertilized egg inherit

A

1 set of chromosomes (haploid) = male

70
Q

what gene determines sex of bees

A

complementary sex determination (CSD)

71
Q

male bees get how many copies of genes from mother’s egg

A

1 copy

72
Q

if bee gets multiple copies of gene from mothers’ egg & fathers sperm what is sex?

A

female - but have to be different versions

73
Q

if bee gets 2 copies of identical gene - what sex and is called what

A

male - diploid male, usually detected as larva and eaten

74
Q

what determines if bee becomes queen or workers

A

environmental factors (royal jelly) - not genetic

75
Q

what age can egg be in order to become queen vs. worker

A

12-36 hours, past 36 can’t be changed

76
Q

where does royal jelly come from

A

secreted from hypopharyngeal gland and mandibular gland of nurse bees

77
Q

what does royal jelly contain - 8

A

water, sugar, salts, fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, amino acids, proteins

78
Q

how long are queens fed royal jelly vs. workers

A

queen - all time as larva (6 days), workers - only first 2-3 days then bee bread

79
Q

3 conditions to successfully rear queen

A
  1. exclusively fed royal jelly
  2. when fed lots of royal jelly
  3. when selected @ young age to get special queen diet
80
Q

what happens if 1 condition not met when rearing queen

A

queen is considered “intercaste” and is between worker and queen - tend to be superseded

81
Q

what is different about the royal fed to queen vs workers

A

queen jelly has higher sugar content and higher fatty acid

82
Q

what two molecules are found in caste determination

A

juvenile hormone and vitellogenin

83
Q

what is vitellogenin

A

protein produced by body fat and found in ovaries

84
Q

what is vitellogenin used for - 3

A
  1. helps make eggs
  2. ensures queen can lay lots of eggs
  3. remains high in queens which increased lifespan
  4. in workers = poor fertility
85
Q

what does juvenile hormone do

A

contributes to many ovarioles and long lifespan - found in all insects

86
Q

what is polyethism

A

transitioning and specializing in different tasks at a time

87
Q

jobs of worker bee throughout life - inside - 4

A
  1. cleans cell and those around her
  2. capping and tending brood or tending to queen called retinue
  3. receiving nectar, cleaning debris, packing pollen called hive maintenance
  4. ventilation and guarding entrance
88
Q

worker bee outside jobs

A

foraging - nectar, pollen, water, resin, or new nest - will die as foragers

89
Q

molecules involved in worker polyethism

A

juvinile hormone, vitellogenin, dopamine

90
Q

what role does juvenile hormone play in worker polyethism

A

new workers low levels, increases for first 15 days, then they shift to outside tasks

91
Q

what role does vitellogenin play in worker polyethism

A

helps create royal jelly in nurses, decreases as they become foragers

92
Q

what role does dopamine play in worker polyethism

A

low levels stimulate nurses to care for brood, presence of queen regulates production, nurses in contact with queen so reduces production

93
Q

how long do spring and fall bees live

A

1-2 months

94
Q

how long do summer bees live

A

2-5 weeks

95
Q

how long do winter bees live

A

4-5 months

96
Q

when do winter bees start hatching

A

August-November

97
Q

difference between winter bees and others?

A

have lower levels juvenile hormone, larger glands/fat body cells

98
Q

who won nobel prize for bee dance

A

karl von frisch

99
Q

queen pheromone has how many components

A

9

100
Q

what does QMP or queen mandibular phereomone do

A
  • strong indicates queen is healthy and productive (inhibits ovaries of workers)
  • attracts workers to surround/tend queen
  • regulation of transition from nurse to forager - can delay it
101
Q

where is dufours gland located

A

end of abdomen and pheromone released through vagina - in females

102
Q

what does dufours gland do

A

-signal fertility/promoting retinue behavior - if queen lost, workers will start producing their own queen like pheromone

103
Q

brood produced pheromone tells workers what about larva

A

sex, caste, age, what food and how much, inhibits ovary development - if detected nurse bees will delay transition to forager and reverse will speed up if not detected

104
Q

what are the 3 worker produced pheromones

A
  1. nasonov
  2. forager
  3. alarm
105
Q

what is nasonov pheromone used for and where (3)

A

aggregation/orientation
1 - marking nest to assist returning bees
2 - aggregation during swarming
3 - marking water source

106
Q

do queens/drones have nasonov pheromones

A

no

107
Q

what is forager pheromone derived from and what does it do

A

from fermented nectar - delays onset of foraging in nurse bees if high levels

108
Q

what does alarm pheromone do

A

marks a potential threat and rallys others to defend

109
Q

where is alarm pheromone released from

A

mandibular gland and gland besides the stinger

110
Q

what is a waggle (round) dance used for

A

to share info about location/scent of rich food source

111
Q

what is included in the dance - 4 things

A

buzzing wings, duration - distance, direction or dance = direction of food source, number of circuits = quality of food source

112
Q

what is a shaking signal

A

foragers that aren’t busy can be found asleep, if another forager wants to recruit sleeping bees - shakes them

113
Q

what is the tremble dance

A

trembles and walks throughout hive so other bees pick up signal and convert to receiver bees to receive incoming nectar

114
Q

if food site failing or crowded what will returning foragers do

A

issue stop signal - short high toned beep

115
Q

where are most neurons located

A

in brain

116
Q

brain and what are control centers

A

ganglia

117
Q

what does mushroom body do

A

center for learning/memory - interprets sensory information

118
Q

what is mechanoreception

A

ability of animal to detect and respond to certain kinds of stimuli

119
Q

examples of mechanoreception

A

touch, pressure, temperature, vibration

120
Q

where are mechanoreceptors located

A

outside of body just below cuticle - on feet, mouthparts, wings, antanne

121
Q

how do bees detect gravity

A

sensory hairs called hair plates -direction of hairs

122
Q

what do bees use gravity for

A

to orient waggle dance, build combs straight down

123
Q

what can bees hear

A

substrate (comb) vibrations and airborne vibrations (dancing bees)

124
Q

sense of smell called

A

olfaction

125
Q

sense of taste called

A

gustation

126
Q

most important sense for bees

A

smell - find and learn food sources, communication through pheromones, discriminate against non-nest mates

127
Q

how many olfactory sensors on antanne

A

over 100 (170)

128
Q

how many gustatory receptors

A

about 10

129
Q

bees have two types of eyes

A

1 - ocelli and 2 - compound

130
Q

where are ocelli eyes found and what do they do

A

triangular pattern near top of head - detect light intensity and daytime vs. nighttime

131
Q

where are compound eyes found and what do they do

A

2 eyes on side of head with 1000s of facets w/ lenses - can’t see far away, low visual resolution

132
Q

color perception done by

A

compound eyes

133
Q

what colors can/can’t bees see

A

Green, Blue, Ultaviolet - can’t see red (it’s black to them)

134
Q

how fast can bees perceive movement

A

1/300th of second

135
Q

how many times per second do bees flap wings

A

240 times/second or 20mph

136
Q

where are largest muscles associated with flying located

A

in thorax

137
Q

honey bees breathe through

A

tracheae, no lungs

138
Q

where does air enter the bee

A

through holes in thorax called spiracles

139
Q

do honey bees have capillaries

A

no

140
Q

what is blood in bees called

A

hemolymph

141
Q

5 main functions of circulatory system are

A
  1. transport energy from digested food to rest of body
  2. bring waste from cells to excretory organs to be removed
  3. lubricate body movements
  4. confer immunity through cells that attack pathogens
  5. carry hormones from gland to organs/tissues
142
Q

proboscis is

A

part to bring liquids in mouth

143
Q

crop in a bees is also know as

A

honey stomach (storage area)

144
Q

what is name of valve at base of crop

A

proventriculus - prevents nectar from moving to midgut and being digested

145
Q

what valve separates from hindgut

A

ventricular valve

146
Q

how much honey does colony consume to make 1 lb wax

A

5-20lbs of honey

147
Q

what is wax production stimulated by

A

1 - excess nectar (1:1 syrup or honey flow) 2 - colony needs more space

148
Q

where are wax glands located and how many

A

underside of abdomen - 4 pairs

149
Q

how many hours for 1 gland to form 1 new wax scale

A

12 hours

150
Q

what is it called when inactive bees link themselves together by holding legs

A

festooning

151
Q

what is propolis used for

A

caulk and seal holes around perimeter of hive, protection from moisture, and mummify intruders

152
Q

propolis collected from

A

resin from trees - carried in pollen baskets

153
Q

proplis is made of

A

resin mixed with wax

154
Q

how far does individual forager fly

A

up to 6 miles, but 1-2 if resources available

155
Q

bee space is

A

combs built 3/8 of inch apart

156
Q

how are arcs arranged on bee frames

A

center = brood, next = pollen, last = honey

157
Q

what size are wild bee nests in trees

A

nest cavity of 10 gallons

158
Q

what size are langstroth bee nests (2 deeps, 1 medium)

A

30 gallons

159
Q

what size entrance do bees prefer

A

small - 1-2 inches

160
Q

3 types of hive styles

A

langstroth, topbar hive, warre hive

161
Q

what temp do bees keep brood area

A

92 - 97 degrees

162
Q

what temperature do bees cluster in winter

A

under 57 degrees

163
Q

ways bees keep nest cool

A
  1. move away from brood to disperse heat
  2. fan wings - gather at entrance
  3. evaporating cooling - put water in empty holes and fan wings
  4. only collect water during the day
  5. beard on front of hive
164
Q
A

Master Beekeeping (5 decks)

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