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Master Beekeeping > Part2 > Flashcards

Part2 Flashcards

Science and Art

1
Q

how fast does systemic reaction to sting happen

A

10 mins

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2
Q

two types of reactions to stings

A

local and systemic

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3
Q

are systemic reactions more common in adults or children

A

adults

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4
Q

2 ways to clean hive tool

A

immerse in disinfectant - alcohol/bleach or burning smoker

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5
Q

what is robbing

A

bees collecting/stealing from another colony instead of flowers

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6
Q

what bad things can robbers get

A

diseases, infections, mites

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7
Q

signs of robbing x 4

A
  • frenzy robbers out front swaying back and forth
  • fighting at entrance
  • wax capping’s on bottom board
  • dirty footprints from robber stealing honey
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8
Q

how to keep robbing at bay

A

keep colony strong/ healthy - fertile queen, nutrition, low parasite levels

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9
Q

stop robbing once it’s started

A
  • reduce entrance to colony to about 1/2 inch - easier to defend
  • place wet sheet over hive (honey smells less)
  • move colony 2 miles away
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9
Q

how often to inspect

A

every 10 days approx - every 2 weeks in spring/summer, less in fall

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10
Q

what temp above to do inspection

A

59 degrees (colder will chill brood)

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11
Q

how fast should inspection be

A

10-15 minutes

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12
Q

what to look for related to population - 5 things

A

1 - population - how many adult bees, is it right for season
2 - queen status - is q laying worker eggs, evidence of supersedure/swarm/laying workers
3 - brood quality/quantity - pattern - brood all ages?
4 - population dynamics - apparent brood rearing for the time of year - is it increasing/decreasing
5 - drone population - is it seasonable appropriate

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13
Q

what to look for related to nutrition during inspection

A

1 - floral sources, what’s blooming and what are they bringing in/weather impacting nutrition
2 - foraging behavior - are there sufficient # of bees
3 - food stores in colony - how much
4 - larval nutrition - are they floating in abundant pools of royal jelly

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14
Q

what to look for inspection related to pests/parasites/disease x 4

A

1 - brood disease
2 - adult bee deformities/behaviors
3 - any other pests or evidence
4 - are they more defensive

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15
Q

how many frames to look at in honey super during inspection

A

2-3 each super

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16
Q

how many frames to look at in brood chamber during inspection

A

4 frames of brood

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17
Q

where do you start inspection

A

from top box

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18
Q

what do you check first during inspection

A

entrance

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19
Q

predators and how to detect

A

1 - skunks scratch at hive
2 - bears
3 - racoons eat bees at entrance

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20
Q

signs of unhealthy bees at entrance x 3-4

A
  • piles of dead bees = robbing or pesticides
  • twitching bees = pesticide poisioning
  • dead brood - large #’s = high mite load
  • chalkbrood
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21
Q

signs of healthy bees at entrance x7

A
  • distended abdomen, bringing in nectar
  • bringing in pollen
  • activity is orderly not frenzied
  • bees floating = orientation flight
  • fanning to cool off
  • washboarding - moving back and forth on entrance
  • bearding - hive too hot/too crowded
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22
Q

what do guard bees do at entrance

A

often hold up front legs

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23
Q

what could happen if inspecting during nectar dearth

A
  • robbing may start during inspection
  • don’t smoke entrance - want guard bees to get rid of intruders
  • keep extra outer cover or sheet until you are done
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24
Q

what to look for during honey super inspection

A
  • bees are filling them and what pace
  • pests/moisture issues
  • nectar flows in your region
  • add supers during nectar flow to maximize honey production
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25
Q

what indicates a nectar flow

A

fresh light colored wax on top bars of frames

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26
Q

bottom supering is

A

adding a new super underneath top super to draw the bees to fill it

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27
Q

when super is blank full you should add another

A

half full

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28
Q

if super is 3/4 full or nearly add how many

A

2 or 3 supers

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29
Q

what does small hive beetle larvae do to honey

A

ferments it and makes it look slimy

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30
Q

how to tell if there is mold in a hive

A

black, blue or grey streaks on woodenware

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31
Q

if moldy hive what do you do

A

prop outer cover w/ shim, tip hive down slightly, and make sure covers are free of holes/cracks

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32
Q

why would honey ferment in a hive and what does it look like

A

humid climates during nectar flow, bees cap before moisture level is low enough

will look bubbly/foamy

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33
Q

when inspecting how many frames to keep out at one time max?

A

2

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34
Q

indication that population is strong when looking at adult bee?

A

cover both sides of frames

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35
Q

when looking for diseases in adults what to look for x 4

A

hairlessness, greasiness, deformed wings, twitching

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36
Q

low population presents what risk when in comes to brood rearing

A

chilling brood

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37
Q

how much larvae removed in healthy colony?

A

6-17%

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38
Q

perforated cappings indicates

A

disease

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39
Q

northeast swarm season

A

mid may - mid july

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40
Q

average amount of drone comb in hive is

A

17 - 20% or 2 frames

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41
Q

how to tell laying workers from drone laying queen

A

queen = 1 eggs per cell, laying workers many eggs in 1 cell

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42
Q

when does a queen cup become a queen cell

A

when larvae in cell

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43
Q

queen cells near bottom of frames called

A

swarm cells

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44
Q

queen cells near center of frame

A

supersedure cells - replacing existing queen or lost queen

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45
Q

how many frames of pollen/bread in each brood box for brood rearing

A

1-2 frames

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46
Q

entombed pollen is

A

pollen that the bees cover over when there is a high level of pesticides

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47
Q

what would indicate lots of protein for nurses in regards to larvae

A

abundant white pools of jelly around larva

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48
Q

how many frames to replace each year to keep healthy

A

1-2 frames, don’t do more than 4 at once

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49
Q

5 things to log when doing colony assessment

A

1 -# frames adult bees
2 - # frames of brood/proportion of eggs/larva/capped
3 - # frames of honey
4 - # frames of pollen
5 - # of frames of drawn comb and foundation

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50
Q

you should do 2 full assessments every year - when

A

spring - what shape, strong enough to split, have good Q?
late summer - q still viable

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51
Q

when assessing # of bees (in colony inspection) start where

A

bottom and work up

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52
Q

good records are good for - x5

A

managing honey production
pest and disease outbreask
q health
swarming
population dynamics

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53
Q

if no other records at least track

A
  • population
  • nutrition
  • q status
  • indications of disease
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54
Q

what color should smoke be for inspection

A

white (grey going out)

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55
Q

how many plant species can one colony visit in year

A

over 200

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56
Q

foods need to contain x5

A

carbs
protein
vitamins
minerals
lipids

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57
Q

food is rich in blank for brood/young bees vs. older bees

A

young = protein rich, old = carbs

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58
Q

not enough pollen causes x4

A

shorter adult lives
foragers early
less waggle dances/inacurate
not enough for winter bees = reduced fat bodies/shorter lifespan

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59
Q

reaction to poor nutrition

A

rear fewer brood

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60
Q

what does nectar flow stimulate

A

comb building/brood rearing

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61
Q

how much honey does colony need in summer

A

95 lbs

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62
Q

how much honey does colony need in winter

A

50-90 lbs (provide with 100lbs)

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63
Q

protein is needed for

A

brood development and production of young adults

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64
Q

how many amino acids are needed and where do they get them

A

20 - 10 they make, 10 from pollen

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65
Q

how much protein will a colony consume in 1 year

A

50lbs

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66
Q

if royal jelly is dry - do what

A

add pollen substitute

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67
Q

what are vitamins important for

A

brood production and development of nurse bees glands

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68
Q

is there benefit to supplementing vitamin c

A

no

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69
Q

lipids are

A

a group that includes waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, fats

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70
Q

lipids are obtained from

A

pollen

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71
Q

vitamins are obtained from

A

mostly pollen, trace from nectar

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72
Q

what are sterols

A

a category of hormones involved in larval development and worker polyethism

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73
Q

nectar range of sugar concentration

A

5% - 95%

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74
Q

higher concentration of sugar =

A

higher quality source for bees

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75
Q

main sugars in nectar

A

sucrose, glucose, fructose

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76
Q

darker honey has more blank than lighter ones

A

minerals

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77
Q

pollen can have what amts of protein

A

5% to 40%

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78
Q

what is lowest percentage of protein for pollen to fulfill nutrition requirements

A

20% (25% = excellent)

79
Q

examples of poor protein pollens

A

cypress, blueberry, sunflower,

80
Q

examples of good protein pollens

A

vetch, white clover, vipers buglass, padres shooting start

81
Q

do all pollen sources have all needed amino acids

A

no

82
Q

9 x you should feed carbs

A
  • winter with low stores
  • early spring before blooming if stores are low
  • spring/summer after installing nuc or package
  • spring/summer if there is local dearth
  • late summer/fall to ensure sufficient winter stores
  • when rearing queens
  • during/after requeening to encourage acceptance
  • when you want them to draw foundation
  • when administering certain treatments
83
Q

what types of sugars to feed bees

A

refined cane/beet sugar, liquid sucrose, or high fructose corn syrup

84
Q

do not feed these sugars to bees

A

brown, powdered, molasses, maple syrup, raw sugars = have impurities bees can’t digest

85
Q

1:1 sugar fed in

A

spring

86
Q

2:1 sugar fed in

A

fall

87
Q

why feed fondant/candy/solid food in winter/early spring

A

they will consume but wont stimulate brood rearing

88
Q

negatives to high fructose corn syrup

A

bees produce less wax, have smaller body mass

89
Q

when to resume feeding syrup in northeast after winter

A

march - warm enough for cleansing flights

90
Q

winter patties contain

A

water
sugar
corn syrup
small pollen substitute
sometimes essential oils

91
Q

when the feed pollen substitute in northeast

A

mid feb to mid march to build up population before nectar flows

92
Q

for a mid may nectar flow want to have ample brood when

A

beginning of april or earlier

93
Q

when is it safe to use pollen traps

A

when 10-20 bees per minute are coming in with full baskets

94
Q

how to store pollen

A

dry it out and freeze it - loses nutritional value if stored at room temperature

95
Q

how to make your own pollen patty

A

2-3 parts pollen to 1 part heavy sugar syrup

96
Q

where to feed protein

A

over brood nest for nurse bees

97
Q

if you feed sugar at same time as pollen what does it do

A

stimulate bees to eat pollen

98
Q

when does queen start laying in beginning of year for next years bees

A

mid-late january

99
Q

when pollen lessens in fall what does it signal

A

make winter bees

100
Q

4 reasons to split colonies

A

1 - replace winter bees
2 - grow your operation
3 - prevent swarming
4 - reduce varroa mite levels - creates brood break

101
Q

when performing split how many frames of brood/food stores should original colony have

A

6 brood, 4 food

102
Q

when splitting how many frames of brood/food to move to new hive

A

2-3 frames brood, all bees, and 2 frames pollen/honey

103
Q

how many frames of nurse bees to shake into split

A

3 frames, put extra if in same yard

104
Q

how long after splitting should you return to check

A

2 weeks

105
Q

best time to perform splits

A

april - june (swarm season)

106
Q

how to make nuc - what frames

A

1 frame honey, drawn comb, brood, brood, pollen

107
Q

how many frames of bees if you want to overwinter a nuc

A

4-5 frames

108
Q

3 options for overwintering nucs in north america

A

1 - double nuc on top of full sized colony with upper entrance for air/cleansing flights
2 - nuc can be placed next to or stacked on top of other nucs to share heat
3 - indoors - temp doesn’t fluctuate

109
Q

fewer than how many frames going into winter you may want to merge

A

8 frames

110
Q

when is merging done

A

late summer to early fall, spring if weak after winter

111
Q

what order do you place the weak and strong colonies when merging

A

strong colony on bottom, weak on top

112
Q

what percentage of swarms happen between mid may to mid july

A

80%

113
Q

if you catch a late swarm what do you need to do

A

feed heavily to be able to overwinter

114
Q

what is swarming stimulated by

A

crowding of bees in hive/crowding of brood in nest

115
Q

ways bees perceive crowding

A
  • lack of ventilation, raised temps, decline in concentration of queen mandibular pheromones
116
Q

what indicates hive is in swarm prep mode x 5

A

1- drone production - will build abundant drones - won’t raise a queen without mature drones
2 - hive congested
3 - queen cells produced
4 - scout bees look for nest site
5 - q prepares to leave

117
Q

how long does it take a drone to sexually mature vs queen

A

drone = 33 days, queen = 16 days

118
Q

what 3 parts need to be met for the hive to think it’s congested enough to swarm

A

1 - worker volume is greater than free volume of hive (outside at night)
2 - more than 90% of brood comb is in use
3 - large proportion of young bees in colony

119
Q

if more than one capped queen cell is found the colony

A

swarmed already

120
Q

what changes does the queen make before swarming

A

-slows and stops laying
- new eggs don’t mature in ovaries, becomes thinner
- workers decrease feeding her and shake/vibrate her to help her lose weight

121
Q

what temps and what time will swarm most likely happen

A
  • sunny and calm 75-85
  • between 11AM - 3PM
122
Q

what is a temporary swarm cluster called

A

bivouac

123
Q

behaviors that may look like a swarm but aren’t

A

orientation flights
robing
bearding
absconding

124
Q

ways to prevent swarming x 7

A
  • reverse hive bodies
  • drone brood add honey super
  • lower the population by shaking nurse bees into weaker colonies
  • make splits or pull nuc
  • provide more space for brood nest
  • re-queen to increase QMP
  • add upper entrance/screen bottom board to lower the temps
125
Q

swarm control (stop once already has cells)

A

1 - remove old q and cut all but a few cells (check in 2 weeks if you have a queen)
2 - cut all q cells if you find ones that are not capped - cut these every 5 days and don’t miss any!

126
Q

things that don’t work to prevent swarming

A
  • cutting q wings
  • placing excluder below brood nest - they leave with first virgin queen that emerges
127
Q

why should beekeeper want to prevent swarms

A
  • good neighbor, don’t transmit diseases
  • you can simulate all the benefits of swarming without the actual event
128
Q

6 things that matter when bees pick a new home

A

cavity space = 1 cubic ft
small entrance
high off ground (10-15ft)
near bottom of cavity
face south
pre-equipped with combs

129
Q

why are swarms usually gentle

A

they ate a ton before leaving and they have nothing to defend

130
Q

what do bees do within an hour of being queeness

A

roar - loudly fanning wings, more defensive/stinging

131
Q

what is it called if queen died and didn’t leave young larva

A

hopelessly queenless

132
Q

how long after being queenless will workers start laying in queens place

A

3-4 weeks

133
Q

what percentage of queens introduced die within 6 months

A

30%

134
Q

what to do to increase queen acceptance

A

give a frame of young brood and eggs - will increase by 200%

135
Q

reasons to re-queen x 7

A

-chalkbrood, sacbrood, hive beetles, wax moths, robbing - large population breaks
-in summer to break brood cycle - varroa
-can help with genetic diversity
- improve weak population or spotty pattern
- defensiveness
-brood production - keep levels of production high
- reduce swarm impulse - young queens swarm less

136
Q

7 distinct lineages of honey bees

A

A - African
M - Western/Northern European
C - Eastern European
O - Eastern/Central Asian
Y - Western Asian
U - Madagascar
L - Egypt

137
Q

what is AHB/killer bee a mix of

A

apis mellifera scutellata and mellifera mellifera

138
Q

behavioral differences of africanized bees

A

transition to foraging earlier
lower threshold of sugar concentration when foraging
more resistant to some pests - varroa

139
Q

physical differences of africanized bees

A

workers have smaller body
wings have different vein patterns

140
Q

whats better about queens from q cups instead of grafted

A

queens have larger body mass and more ovaries

141
Q

4 queen rearing methods

A

doolittle, mille, alley, smith

142
Q

6 steps doolittle method

A

1 - very young larvae selected and are place into man made q cups
2 - new cells inserted into cell starter for 24 hours and nurse bees feed with jelly
3 - after 24 hours, larvae double in size - transfer to cell finisher where workers continue feeding and cap cell
4 - after 9-10 days q cells nearly done and can be harvested (1-2 days before emerging)
5 - capped cells can be placed into new hives but usually put in mating nucs - q emerge, take mating flight, begin laying eggs
6 - after q’s have mated, beekeepers locate q if she is mated and laying good pattern - sold or placed in full colony

143
Q

timing on when to do grafting

A

swarm season, when first seeing drones, during honey flow easier

144
Q

if grafting before/after swarm season what do you have to do

A

supplement with more food

145
Q

3 instincts to create new q’s

A

1 - q is aging/failing - pheromones low/less egg laying
2 - if queen accidentally killed or lost - will replaced her - hopefully eggs larvae under 36 hrs old
3 - when population bigger than space available in hive - prepares to swarm and produces swarm cells

146
Q

success rate once you have practiced grafting

A

80-85%

147
Q

what do you want to ensure with the frame of eggs when you take it for grafting

A

doesn’t dry out/dry out larvae -damp lcloth

148
Q

grafting fames usually hold how many cup

A

15 per bar up to 45 grafted

149
Q

what should you put in q cup before grafting in larvae and why

A

royal jelly mixed with water - less than full droplet - so larvae has soft landing

150
Q

what is tool called for grafting that acts like plunger

A

chinese needle

151
Q

where to place grafting frame in starter hive

A

middle

152
Q

what do you do with grafting frame 24 hours after putting in starter hive

A

remove and place in cell finisher - q cells will have more wax, larger larvae, jelly

153
Q

how many days in cell finisher before q cells are ready to harvest

A

9

154
Q

what to do with q cells once harvested from cell finisher

A
  • insert into mating nuc
  • incubator to keep warm until shipping to customers
155
Q

what should you do with queen in a cell starter before putting in grafting frame

A

remove q 24 hours before so they start wanting to raise a new queen

156
Q

what should you supply the nurse bees in a cell starter with and why

A

lots of bee bread, next to grafting frame

protein to produce more royal jelly

157
Q

what is 10 frame layout in order for cell starter

A

syrup feeder
honey
capped brood
capped brood
pollen
grafting frame
pollen
capped brood
capped brood
honey

158
Q

what state should a cell finisher be in when putting in grafting frame

A

queen right, very populated, strong colony - 2-4 deep hive bodies tall
queen in bottom deep and excluded
grafted frame put in top body among frames of larva

159
Q

can you reuse finisher colonies

A

yes many times

160
Q

what is a mating nuc

A

a nuc that is queenless where queen can emerge, take mating flight, begin laying
small and easy to find q once mated

161
Q

queen emerges how many days after being laid as egg

A

16 days

162
Q

how should hives be in mating yards

A

spaced out
different colors
landmarks
entrances in different directions

163
Q

what are nucs that are really deeps with 4 nucs in it

A

mini nuc/pocket

164
Q

are mating nucs overwintered?

A

no

165
Q

how many days after putting in mating nuc do you check on queen

A

10-14 day
24-28 of whole process

166
Q

what are queen banks

A

queenless hive body placed on top of queen right hive body separated by excluder and a hive body full of honey
queens are stored in cages

167
Q

how long can you leave queens in bank

A

up to 2 weeks but no longer

168
Q

how many mating nucs can a single beekeeper manage

A

50

169
Q

queen marking standards - white is what years

A

1 or 6

170
Q

queen marking standards - yellow is what years

A

2 or 7

171
Q

queen marking standards - red is what years

A

3 or 8

172
Q

queen marking standards - green is what years

A

4 or 9

173
Q

queen marking standards - blue is what years

A

5 or 0

174
Q

what traits can you breed in bees

A

gentle, good laying pattern, tendency to swarm, fast spring build up, good wax production, hardiness in cold winter, high honey production, hygenic behavior, grooming behavior, instinctto bite varroa, etc

175
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

having many different genes version present in a colony - queens mating w/ many different drones

176
Q

genetic diversity helps with

A

survive disease, stabilize nest temps, store more honey, build comb faster

177
Q

inbreeding is

A

production of offspring from closely related individuals

178
Q

breeding bees is really

A

best queen colonies with best drone colonies

179
Q

4 steps for breeding

A

1 - evaluate traits to determine which to select as mother colonies and drone mother colonies - isolated apiary with these
2 - graft larvae from queen mother and place in cell builders
3 - place mature q cells in mating nucs 1 day before q ready to hatch
4- once mated introduce or sell

180
Q

how far away to place drone mother colonies in yards

A

away from mating nucs 1-3 miles OR circle with mother apiary in center of circle

181
Q

2 ways to do advanced controlled mating

A

1 - isolated areas - valleys/islands
2 - artificial insemination

182
Q

how to assess for honey production

A
  • weigh supers
  • count frames
  • collect all on same day w/in narrow time frame
183
Q

how to assess gentleness

A
  • assessed with leather - bees hate smell
  • wave around colony and count # of stings
184
Q

how to assess hygenic behavior

A

brood frame - kill small sections with liquid nitrogen or pinprick
check in 48 hours
good will remove almost all dead brood

185
Q

how to assess swarming

A

quantified by whether a colony swarmed or swarm cells

186
Q

how to assess brood quantity

A

one frame totally covered = 100%, 2 frames @ 50% each plus 2 w/ 25% = 2.5 frames brood

187
Q

how to assess brood quality

A

continuous on one frame, not spotty, concentric circles
rate on scale of 0-5

188
Q

evaluating traits across yards - how

A

make a table and total up score

189
Q

if one trait is more important than another on chart what do you do

A

double score in that one

190
Q

what is a z score

A

synthesize individual scores of each colony - apiary avg score and standard deviation

191
Q

calculate z score how

A

z = individual score-average/standard deviation

192
Q

negative vs. positive z scores

A

negative - performed worse, positive = performed better

193
Q
A
194
Q
A

Master Beekeeping (5 decks)

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