Part V Terms

Question 1

Toussaint L’ouverture

Answer 1

(1743-1803 AD) Leader of a slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

Question 2

Father Miguel de Hidalgo

Answer 2

A Mexican priest who established an independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, he was captured and executed.

Question 3

Agustín de Iturbide

Answer 3

(1783-1824 AD) A conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who signed an agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces and entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.

Question 4

Simon Bolívar

Answer 4

A Creole military officer in northern South America; won a series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to the creation of the independent state of Gran Columbia.

Question 5

Gran Columbia

Answer 5

An independent state created in South America as a result of the military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830 AD, at which time Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Question 6

José de San Martín

Answer 6

(1778-1850 AD) A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, he served the Spanish army but joined the movement for independence; led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-1818, and with Simon Bolívar, Peru. For political reasons, he went into exile in Europe in 1823.

Question 7

João VI

Answer 7

A Portuguese monarch who established a seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula; made Brazil the seat of the empire with its capital at Rio de Janeiro.

Question 8

Pedro I

Answer 8

(1798-1834 AD) The son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the Brazilian declaration of independence from Portugal in 1822; became the constitutional emperor of Brazil.

Question 9

Andrés Santa Cruz

Answer 9

A Mestizo general who established a union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839 AD.

Question 10

caudillos

Answer 10

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Question 11

federalists

Answer 11

Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations.

Question 12

centralists

Answer 12

Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers.

Question 13

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Answer 13

A strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831 AD; commanded loyalty of gauchos, restored local autonomy.

Question 14

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

Answer 14

Seized power in Mexico after the collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824 AD; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by the United States in the Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.

Question 15

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 15

American declaration stated in 1823 AD; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade.

Question 16

guano

Answer 16

Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880 AD; income from trade permitted an end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.

Question 17

positivism

Answer 17

A French philosphy based on observation and a scientific approach to the problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.

Question 18

Auguste Comte

Answer 18

A French philosopher in the 19th century; founder of positivism.

Question 19

manifest destiny

Answer 19

Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to the annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War.

Question 20

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Answer 20

An agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for the loss of Texas and California to the United States; left a legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America.

Question 21

Mexican-American War

Answer 21

Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848 AD; led to a devastating defeat of Mexican forces and the loss of about one-half of Mexico’s national territory to the US.

Question 22

Benito Juárez

Answer 22

(1806-1872 AD) An Indian governor of the state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of a liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; a liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and the establishment of the Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872.

Question 23

La Reforma

Answer 23

The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna.

Question 24

Maximilian von Habsburg

Answer 24

Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following the intervention of France in 1862 AD; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.

Question 25

Argentine Republic

Answer 25

Replaced the state of Buenos Aires in 1862 AD; result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.

Question 26

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Answer 26

(1811-1888 AD) A liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic from 1868 to 1874; the author of “Facundo”, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.

Question 27

fazendas

Answer 27

Coffee estates that spread within the interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860 AD; created a major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to the intensification of slavery in Brazil.

Question 28

científicos

Answer 28

Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted the Mexican government to project an image of modernization.

Question 29

Spanish-American War

Answer 29

A war fought between Spain and the US beginning in 1898 AD; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Question 30

Panama Canal

Answer 30

An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from US support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided a short route between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans; completed by 1914.