Part IV Notes

Question 1

European merchant fleets seized control of…

Answer 1

key international trading routes.

Question 2

Initial Spanish and Portuguese leadership was challenged by…

Answer 2

growing efforts from Britain, France, and Holland.

Question 3

Europe’s new maritime strength and new trade patterns generated…

Answer 3

wider changes, developing from the 1490s onward. One was the Columbian Exchange of foods, diseases, and people. New global economic inequalities and new overseas empires also emerged.

Question 4

Europe developed a network of…

Answer 4

overseas colonies, particularly in the Americas but also in a few parts of Africa and Asia.

Question 5

By the 18th century, growing European inroads in India marked…

Answer 5

a decisive change in south Asia.

Question 6

Europe’s new naval power supported the establishment of…

Answer 6

several overseas empires, particularly in the Americas.

Question 7

Trade patterns and the results of the Columbian Exchange helped…

Answer 7

shape colonial relationships.

Question 8

The Spaniards and Portuguese came from societies long in contact with…

Answer 8

peoples of other faiths and cultures in which warfare and conquest were well-established activities.

Question 9

The traditions of warfare and conquest were modified by…

Answer 9

American realities and the resistance of the indigenous peoples.

Question 10

By the 1570s AD, much of the Americas had been…

Answer 10

brought under Iberian control.

Question 11

___ ___ ___ suffered the effects of European conquest to varying degrees.

Answer 11

All indigenous societies

Question 12

Spain worked and taxed the native peoples, which…

Answer 12

often disrupted their societies.

Question 13

The basis of the Spanish colonial economy was ____ and ____, but…

Answer 13

agriculture, mining; they depended on Native Americans and Africansas laborers.

Question 14

Spain built a bureaucratic empire in which the church…

Answer 14

was an essential element and a major cultural factor.

Question 15

In Brazil, the Portuguese created the first great plantation colony of the Americas, growing…

Answer 15

sugar with the use of Native American and then African slaves.

Question 16

In the 18th century, the discovery of gold…

Answer 16

opened up the interior of Brazil to settlement and the expansion of slavery.

Question 17

The mixture of whites, Africans, and Indians created the basis of multiracial societies in which…

Answer 17

hierarchies of color, status, and occupation all operated.

Question 18

By the 18th century, the castas…

Answer 18

(people of mixed origin), began to increase rapidly and had become a major segment of the population.

Question 19

Increasing attacks on the Iberian empires by foreign rivals led to the ____ reforms in Spanish America and the reforms of ____ in Brazil.

Answer 19

Bourbon; Pombal

Question 20

Beginning in the 16th century, the Atlantic Ocean became…

Answer 20

an “inland sea” where the people, products, and ideas of Europe, Africa, and the Americas constantly moved.

Question 21

Africans played an essential role in this process primarily, but not exclusively, through…

Answer 21

the slave trade.

Question 22

Early Portuguese contacts set the patterns for…

Answer 22

contact with the African coast.

Question 23

The slave trade expanded to meet the demand for…

Answer 23

labor in the new American colonies.

Question 24

Millions were exported in an organized commerce that involved both…

Answer 24

Europeans and Africans.

Question 25

The slave trade influenced African…

Answer 25

forms of servitude and the social and political development of African states.

Question 26

Newly powerful states emerged in…

Answer 26

west Africa.

Question 27

Slavery produced long term effects in…

Answer 27

the Sudan and east Africa.

Question 28

In southern Africa, a Dutch colony eventually brought Europeans into conflict with…

Answer 28

Africans, especially the southern Bantu-speaking peoples.

Question 29

The Zulu created under Shaka…

Answer 29

a powerful chiefdom during the early 19th century in a process of expansion that affected the whole region.

Question 30

Russia’s Early Modern development first emphasized…

Answer 30

territorial expansion and the strengthening of tsarist rule.

Question 31

Peter the Great led…

Answer 31

the first westernization effort in history.

Question 32

Tsarist policies encouraging westernization focused only on…

Answer 32

particular aspects of Western society and left out large segments of the Russian population.

Question 33

Russian serfdom constituted…

Answer 33

a distinctive social and economic system.

Question 34

Russian serfdom sparked…

Answer 34

recurrent social protest.

Question 35

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Ottomans built an empire in the eastern Mediterranean that rivaled…

Answer 35

the Abbasid imperium at its height.

Question 36

Although the Ottomans patterned much of their empire on the ideas and institutions of earlier Muslim civilizations,

Answer 36

in warfare, engineering, and architecture they carried Islamic civilization to new levels of attainment.

Question 37

In the first years of the 16th century, the Safavids…

Answer 37

founded a dynasty that conquered what is now Iran.

Question 38

Restoring Persia (as it was then called) as a major center of political power and cultural creativity,

Answer 38

the Safavids also established it as one of the strongest and most enduring centers of Shi’ism within the Islamic world.

Question 39

In the first centuries of Mughal rule in India,

Answer 39

Islam reached the peak of its influence as a political and cultural force in south Asian history.

Question 40

Under the Mughal emperors, a blend of Hindu and Islamic civilizations produced…

Answer 40

some of the world’s most sublime architecture and art.