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A.P. World History > Part II Terms > Flashcards

Part II Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Syncretism

A

The combination of cultural elements.

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2
Q

Shi Huangdi

A

The founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 BC.

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3
Q

Qin

A

Dynasty established in 221 BC at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 BC.

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4
Q

Han

A

Dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BC; ruled for the next 400 years.

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5
Q

Zhou

A

Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew the Shang and established the second historical Chinese Dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 BC.

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6
Q

Shi

A

Scholar-administrators.

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7
Q

Great Wall

A

Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and the reign of Shi Huangdi.

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8
Q

Confucius

A

Also known as Kong Fuzi; the first major Chinese philosopher born in the sixth century BC (551 to 478); author of the Analects; philosophy based on the need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi.

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9
Q

China’s economy featured…

A

extensive internal trade and important technological innovations.

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10
Q

China’s family system stressed…

A

a rigid patriarchy.

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11
Q

Chinese civilization coordinated…

A

many aspects of politics, culture, and even family life, a key reason that emperors ultimately encouraged Confucianism.

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12
Q

Buddha

A

The creator of a major Indian and Asian religion born in 563 BC (died 483) as the son of a local ruler among Aryan tribes, located near the Himalayas; became an ascetic, found enlightenment under bo tree; taught others that enlightenment can be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.

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13
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Successor of Phillip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BC; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.

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14
Q

Himalayas

A

Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics.

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15
Q

Monsoons

A

Seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia, bringing rains during the summer.

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16
Q

Sanskrit

A

The sacred and classical Indian language.

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17
Q

Varnas

A

Clusters of caste groups in Indian society; four social castes: brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath the Aryan castes was a group of socially untouchable Dasas.

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18
Q

Untouchables

A

Low social caste in Hindi culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting: street sweeping, removal of human waste, transporting the dead, and tanning.

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19
Q

Indra

A

The chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior. God of thunder and strength.

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20
Q

Chandragupta Maurya

A

(322-298 BC) The founder of the Mauryan dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harrapan civilizaton.

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21
Q

Mauryan

A

Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BC, following invasion by Alexander the Great.

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22
Q

Ashoka

A

(273-232 BC) Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored the spread of the new religion throughout his empire.

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23
Q

Dharma

A

The caste position and career determined by a person’s birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one’s social position and perform occupation to the best of one’s ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.

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24
Q

Kush

A

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile, below Egypt around 1000 BC; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.

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25
Q

Guptas

A

The dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century AD; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan empire

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26
Q

Kautilya

A

(350-275 BC) Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare.

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27
Q

Gurus

A

Originally referred to as brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.

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28
Q

Vishnu

A

The brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.

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29
Q

Shiva

A

Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of the cosmic forces of change.

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30
Q

Reincarnation

A

The successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives.

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31
Q

Nirvana

A

The Buddhist state of enlightenment and tranquility.

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32
Q

Kamasutra

A

Written by Vatsayana during the Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males; including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.

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33
Q

Stupas

A

Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.

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34
Q

Scholar-gentry

A

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superceeded shi as governors of China.

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35
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

Established the massive Persian empire by 550 BC; the successor state to the Mesopotamian empires.

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36
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

Animist religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; the righteous lived on after death in the “House of Song;” the chief religion of the Persian empire.

37
Q

Olympic Games

A

One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations.

38
Q

Pericles

A

An Athenian political leader during the 5th century BC; guided the development of Athenian empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War.

39
Q

Peloponnesian Wars

A

Wars from 431 to 404 BC between Athens and Sparta for dominance in Southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece.

40
Q

Philip of Macedonia

A

Ruled Macedonia from 359 to 336 BC; founded of a centralized kingdom; later conquered the rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority.

41
Q

Hellenistic

A

That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms.

42
Q

Roman republic

A

The balanced constitution of Rome from 510 to 47 BC; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies.

43
Q

Punic Wars

A

Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts.

44
Q

Carthage

A

Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa, it became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean.

45
Q

Hannibal

A

A great Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at the battle of Zama.

46
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Roman general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew the Republic; assassinated in 44 BC by conservative senators.

47
Q

Augustus Caesar

A

Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome (Lived 63 BC to 14 AD).

48
Q

Diocletian

A

Roman emperor from 284 to 305 AD; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.

49
Q

Constantine

A

Roman emperor from 312 to 337 AD; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually.

50
Q

Polis (Poleis)

A

City-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 BC.

51
Q

Direct Democracy

A

Where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives.

52
Q

Senate

A

Assembly of Roman aristocrats that advised on policy within the Republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution.

53
Q

Consuls

A

Two chief executives of magistrates of the Roman Republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy.

54
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher (384-322 BC); teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in the material world.

55
Q

Cicero

A

Conservative Roman senator (106-43 BC), Stoic philosopher, and one of greatest orators; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar.

56
Q

Stoics

A

Hellenistic group of philosophers that emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery.

57
Q

Socrates

A

Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BC and the tutor of Plato; urged the rational reflection of moral decisions, and was condemned to death for “corrupting” the minds of Athenian young.

58
Q

Sophocles

A

Greek writer of tragedies (496-406 BC) including Oedipus Rex.

59
Q

Illiad

A

Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos.

60
Q

Odyssey

A

Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos.

61
Q

Doric

A

Distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; least ornate of the three styles.

62
Q

Ionic

A

Distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian.

63
Q

Corinthian

A

Most ornate style of Hellenistic architecture.

64
Q

Axum

A

Kingdom located in the Ethiopian Highlands; replaced Meroë in the first century AD; received strong influence from the Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity.

65
Q

Ethiopia

A

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa.

66
Q

Sahara

A

The desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa.

67
Q

Shintoism

A

Religion of early Japanese culture in which the devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world, offering food and prayers.

68
Q

Teotihuacan

A

Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in the surrounding regions; population as much as 200,000.

69
Q

Maya

A

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with the Teotihuacan; extended over a broad region and featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, and a highly developed religion.

70
Q

Inca

A

Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create an empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for the leader of the empire.

71
Q

Polynesia

A

Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.

72
Q

Yellow Turbans

A

Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 AD in China, promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.

73
Q

Sui

A

Dynasty that succeeded the Han in China and emerged from strong rulers in nothern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China.

74
Q

Tang

A

Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 AD; more stable than the previous dynasty.

75
Q

Harsha

A

Ruler that followed the Guptas in India, who briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 and 657 AD.

76
Q

Rajput

A

Regional princes in western India who emphasized military control of their regions.

77
Q

Devi

A

The mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following the collapse of the Guptas, encouraging new emotionalism in the religious rituals.

78
Q

Islam

A

A major world religion originating in 610 AD in the Arabian Peninsula. Its name literally meaing “submission,” it was based on the prophecy of Muhammad.

79
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Eastern half of the Roman empire following the collapse of the western half of the old empire that retained Mediterranean culture, particularly the Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople.

80
Q

Saint Augustine

A

An influential church father and theologian (354-430 AD) that was born in Africa and ultimately became the bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies, very important in the long term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination.

81
Q

Coptic

A

The Christian sect in Egypt that was later tolerated after the Islamic takeover.

82
Q

Mahayana

A

The Chinese version of Buddhism that placed considerable emphasis on the Buddha as a god or savior.

83
Q

Bodhisattvas

A

Buddhist holy men and women who built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; their prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness.

84
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A

Prophet and teacher among the Jews who was believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed around 30 AD.

85
Q

Paul

A

One of the first Christian missionaries who moved away from the insistence that adherents of the new religion must follow Jewish law; use of Greek as the language of the Church.

86
Q

Pope

A

The bishop of Rome and the head of the Christian church in western Europe.

87
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

A Christian council that met in 325 AD to determine orthodoxy with respect to the Trinity; insisted on the divinity of all persons of the Trinity.

88
Q

Benedict of Nursia

A

The founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire, established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil’s rules in the Byzantine Empire.

A.P. World History (13 decks)

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