part of AP bio unit 4

Question 1

paracine

Answer 1

short distance neighbors

Question 2

autocrine

Answer 2

singling itsekf

Question 3

endocrine

Answer 3

long distance

Question 4

juxtacrine

Answer 4

diereclty next to eachother

Question 5

g protiens

Answer 5

activated by a ligand
like a ligt switch when its on connection is made with energy when off no en ergy

Question 6

ion channls

Answer 6

allow ions to pass in and out of cell
like a gate

Question 7

intracellualar

Answer 7

anything inside the cell

Question 8

transduction

Answer 8

converting one form of energy or signal into another
takes in a signal (like light, sound, or a chemical) and changes it into a biological response, like activating a protein or triggering a change inside the cell.

Question 9

protien phosphorlaytion

Answer 9

adding a phosphate group (PO₄³⁻) to a protein

Question 10

cyclic amp

Answer 10

cAMP is a signal inside the cell that helps control different cellular activities when the cell receives a message from outside.

Question 11

transcription

Answer 11

DNA is used as a template to make RNA

Question 12

pineal

Answer 12

melatonin

Question 13

parathyroid

Answer 13

parathyroid

Question 14

pancras

Answer 14

insulin

Question 15

overies

Answer 15

estrogen

Question 16

testies

Answer 16

testroine

Question 17

adrenal gland

Answer 17

cortsoil

Question 18

thymus

Answer 18

thymus

Question 19

thyroid gland

Answer 19

thyroxine

Question 20

pitutary

Answer 20

growth hprmone

Question 21

hypothalmus

Answer 21

TRH

Question 22

Signal amplification

Answer 22

small signal (like a hormone or molecule binding to a receptor) is amplified or boosted to produce a much larger cellular response.

turning a small tap of water into a powerful flood—one little signal leads to a huge response in the cell.

Question 23

protien kinases

Answer 23

add phophsate

Question 24

protien phophates

Answer 24

removes phosphate

Question 25

Cell surface receptor

Answer 25

They are responsible for detecting and responding to signals from the outside environment, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or other signaling molecules.

“locks” on the outside of cells, and the signal molecules are the “keys” that unlock them, triggering important changes inside the cell.

Question 26

intrcellular recptor

Answer 26

These receptors detect small, nonpolar molecules (like steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, or gases such as nitric oxide) that can pass through the cell membrane.

hydrophobic

Question 27

recpetion

Answer 27

ligand binds to the recptor changing igts shape

Question 28

transduction

Answer 28

vonvert the signla to chnage in the cell

Question 29

cellualr respone

Answer 29

casuing a change in repsone to ligand

Question 30

negative feedback loop

Answer 30

self-correcting mechanism.
system’s output reduces or counteracts the original signal or stimulus to maintain balance or stability (homeostasis).

Question 31

positive feedback loop

Answer 31

amplifies or increases a change or stimulus rather than counteracting it. In this type of loop, the response to a stimulus intensifies the original change, driving the system further away from its starting state, until a specific outcome is achieved.