part of AP bio unit 4 Flashcards
paracine
short distance neighbors
autocrine
singling itsekf
endocrine
long distance
juxtacrine
diereclty next to eachother
g protiens
activated by a ligand
like a ligt switch when its on connection is made with energy when off no en ergy
ion channls
allow ions to pass in and out of cell
like a gate
intracellualar
anything inside the cell
transduction
converting one form of energy or signal into another
takes in a signal (like light, sound, or a chemical) and changes it into a biological response, like activating a protein or triggering a change inside the cell.
protien phosphorlaytion
adding a phosphate group (PO₄³⁻) to a protein
cyclic amp
cAMP is a signal inside the cell that helps control different cellular activities when the cell receives a message from outside.
transcription
DNA is used as a template to make RNA
pineal
melatonin
parathyroid
parathyroid
pancras
insulin
overies
estrogen
testies
testroine
adrenal gland
cortsoil
thymus
thymus
thyroid gland
thyroxine
pitutary
growth hprmone
hypothalmus
TRH
Signal amplification
small signal (like a hormone or molecule binding to a receptor) is amplified or boosted to produce a much larger cellular response.
turning a small tap of water into a powerful flood—one little signal leads to a huge response in the cell.
protien kinases
add phophsate
protien phophates
removes phosphate
Cell surface receptor
They are responsible for detecting and responding to signals from the outside environment, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or other signaling molecules.
“locks” on the outside of cells, and the signal molecules are the “keys” that unlock them, triggering important changes inside the cell.
intrcellular recptor
These receptors detect small, nonpolar molecules (like steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, or gases such as nitric oxide) that can pass through the cell membrane.
hydrophobic
recpetion
ligand binds to the recptor changing igts shape
transduction
vonvert the signla to chnage in the cell
cellualr respone
casuing a change in repsone to ligand
negative feedback loop
self-correcting mechanism.
system’s output reduces or counteracts the original signal or stimulus to maintain balance or stability (homeostasis).
positive feedback loop
amplifies or increases a change or stimulus rather than counteracting it. In this type of loop, the response to a stimulus intensifies the original change, driving the system further away from its starting state, until a specific outcome is achieved.
