ap bio unit 2 Flashcards
Prokaryote
a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles;
examples of prokaroyte
archaea and bacteria
Eukaryote
a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Plasma Membrane
thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids (bilayer
Cytoplasm
inside of a cell
supports life of cell
maintains functions
Nucleolus
organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleu
Endomembrane system
the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell,
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
Lysosome
membrane-bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides
Vacuoles
Structure: Membrane surrounded “bags”; Small in animal cells; Large in plant cells.
Function: Storage of food, water, and other materials
Thylakoid
a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast (inner membrane), used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
Granum
a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast
prokarotic cells
smaller
simplle
bacteria
on earth before evoltion of nucleous
has eubacteria and archebacteria
no nucleous
no membrane bound organells
membrane bound organelle
organelle that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer
ex: mitocondra
what is prokartyoic cellss filled with
. cytoplasm
.circualr dna
. nucleoid
. cell wall
.plasma membrane
. ribosomes
.flagella
. capsul
. pili
. fimbra
euakrotic cells
ex: plant and anmails
. organized in organelles
what is a eukarytoc cell filled with
. plasma membrane
rough and smooth er
. nuclelus
.nucleolus
, ribosomes
. golgi apprutis
. mitocondra
. cytoplasm
plasma membrane
. made of phoslipds and protiens
. phoslipid bilayer
. reglautes movmt in and out of cell
. semipermanble (02)
. ( parent of the cell in charge)
peripheral protien
. lipid bilaayer
. inner and outer surafcfe of membrane
intergal protien
bound to plasma membrane
. hydrophlic regions out of the cell
hydrophobic regions interact with the phoslipds
transmembrane protiens
extend through the membrane
fluid mosaic model
the arggemnts of phosplids
each layer is flexible
remember phoslipds on one side should never flip to the other side
why does the plasma membrane need dif protiens
number of activtes that take place
adhesion protiens
forms connections to near by cells
receptor protiens
hormones
docking cite for arrivals at the cell
when insulin (a hormone) arrives at a receptor on a cell, it tells the cell to take in glucose from the blood. The receptor protein on the cell is the “docking site,” and insulin is the “arriving molecule” that binds to it.
transport cell
form pumps that use ATP to acticley transport solutes across membrane
channel protiens
form channels that selvilcy allow the passage of certuian ions and molecules
carbohydrate side chains
outer surface of plasma membrane
on proteins
cell surface markers
glycoprotiens
lipids
exposed on outside
help with cell regication and adhesion
nucleus ( dierecter)
largest organell
dierects what goes on
cells ability to reproduce
home of DNA
nuclelous is inside of the nucleus
chloetstral molecules
found in phoslpid
help stablize
what structures is DNA organzied in
chrosmosones
nucleolus
RNA is made
ribosomes are made
ribosomes
protien synthesis
create the protiens
either used for the cell or pushed out the cell
they have 2 units small and large
free floating or to the ER
ER
provides support and helps in transport
rough ER
attchated to nuclous
with ribosomes
protens made from this go to the plasma or used to build golgi, lysomes
smooth ER
no ribosmes
makes lipids, hormones, steroids
breaks down toxic chencials
golgi complex ( packing and distrubtion center)
processing of protiens
once the ribomsoes are done synthesizing on the rough ER the golgi modifes, processes, sorts
paccakge into little sacs called vesicles
production of lyssomes
mitocondra
converts energy from orgainc molcules into useful energy for the cell
ATP
double membrane
cirsta
outer membrane
inner membrane
intermembrane space
matrix
crista
in mitocondra
is folds
seperates the matrix from intermemebrane
ATP
having folds inc surface area for ATP
lysosmoes ( clean up crew/lemons)
break down old organells
function on acidic ph ( enclosed isnide lumen)
made when enzymes from golgi fuse with endocytosis
centrioles
found in MTCO ( organzation centers)
cellaular divsion
anamil cells
vacuoles ( storage)
store food water pigemnst waste
peroxismoes
detoxify
produces hydeogen
cytoskeletepn
holds shape of cell
protien fibers ( microtublous and microfillamnets)
microtublous
made of tublin
cellar divsion and movmnet
centrioles, cillia, flagella
microfilaments
movemnet
actin
plant cells
cell wall ( made of cellous, protective)
chloroplast( double outer membrane and chloraphil)
central vacuole
no centrioles
large full vacuoles
healthy plant
faciliated transport
susbstance is hydrophlic
the bilayer wonr let it pass without assistance
aquaporins
water spefic channls
how do susbtacnes move
down a concentraion gradient
from high to low
diffusion: permeable to solute
simple diffusion
molecule diffusing that is hydrophobic
small nonpoalr molecule can drift throigh membrane without trouble
facilated diffsion
requires help of a channel protien
passive transport
susbtsance is moving by diffsuion
no outside energy required
riding bycyle down hill
osmosis
water diffusing
most concertared to least concentrated
water is dissolving things/ not pure so usually a solution
water is used to diloute things/ reduce it
not permeable to solute
low to high
cell membrane movemnt
shrink away from cell wall if it loses water
if it loses water it can expand and squeeze tightly against the cell wall
tonicity
osmotic gradient
if an enviormnet is isotonic to the cell
the sououte concentraion is the same inside and outside
hypertonic
higher solute outside the cell
water moves out of the cell
cell shrinks
hypotonic
lower solute outside the cell
water moves into the cell
cell swells
water potentional
measure of potental energy in water
ergarness of water to flow from high to low
active transport
movemnt agsaint the natrual flow
uphill bike
atp
sodium potatsium pump
ushers out three( sodium) brijngs in two ions ( potassium)
primary active transport
atp dierectly utlized to transport something
secondary active transport
when something activly transported using energy captrued from the movement of another substance flowing down its concentration graidient
endocytosis
when a cell is too big
uses cell membrane to engold it and forms vesscile
pinosytosis
phagocutosis
receptormeddiated
pinocytsis
cell ingests liquids ( cell drinking)
phagocytosis
cell takes in solid ( cell eating)
receptormeddiated cytosis
cell surface recaptors
when a partcle binds to the receptor and folds in
bulk flow
one way movmnet of fluids from pressure
dialaysis
diffsuion of solutes across selctvly permable membrane
exocytosis
large partckes transpotred out the cell
cell ejects waste by fusion of a vesicle with plasma membrane
surface area to volume ratio
ratio has to be large
folds inc surface area
smaller cells have larger ratio
as cells inc in volume the ratio dec and exchange of materials bceomc less effienct
