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senior year study > ap bio unit 2 > Flashcards

ap bio unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles;

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2
Q

examples of prokaroyte

A

archaea and bacteria

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3
Q

Eukaryote

A

a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids (bilayer

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

inside of a cell
supports life of cell
maintains functions

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleu

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7
Q

Endomembrane system

A

the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell,

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

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9
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane-bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

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10
Q

Vacuoles

A

Structure: Membrane surrounded “bags”; Small in animal cells; Large in plant cells.
Function: Storage of food, water, and other materials

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11
Q

Thylakoid

A

a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast (inner membrane), used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

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12
Q

Granum

A

a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

prokarotic cells

A

smaller
simplle
bacteria
on earth before evoltion of nucleous
has eubacteria and archebacteria
no nucleous
no membrane bound organells

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15
Q

membrane bound organelle

A

organelle that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer
ex: mitocondra

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16
Q

what is prokartyoic cellss filled with

A

. cytoplasm
.circualr dna
. nucleoid
. cell wall
.plasma membrane
. ribosomes
.flagella
. capsul
. pili
. fimbra

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17
Q

euakrotic cells

A

ex: plant and anmails
. organized in organelles

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18
Q

what is a eukarytoc cell filled with

A

. plasma membrane
rough and smooth er
. nuclelus
.nucleolus
, ribosomes
. golgi apprutis
. mitocondra
. cytoplasm

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19
Q

plasma membrane

A

. made of phoslipds and protiens
. phoslipid bilayer
. reglautes movmt in and out of cell
. semipermanble (02)
. ( parent of the cell in charge)

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20
Q

peripheral protien

A

. lipid bilaayer
. inner and outer surafcfe of membrane

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21
Q

intergal protien

A

bound to plasma membrane
. hydrophlic regions out of the cell
hydrophobic regions interact with the phoslipds

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22
Q

transmembrane protiens

A

extend through the membrane

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23
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the arggemnts of phosplids
each layer is flexible
remember phoslipds on one side should never flip to the other side

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24
Q

why does the plasma membrane need dif protiens

A

number of activtes that take place

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25
Q

adhesion protiens

A

forms connections to near by cells

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26
Q

receptor protiens

A

hormones
docking cite for arrivals at the cell
when insulin (a hormone) arrives at a receptor on a cell, it tells the cell to take in glucose from the blood. The receptor protein on the cell is the “docking site,” and insulin is the “arriving molecule” that binds to it.

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27
Q

transport cell

A

form pumps that use ATP to acticley transport solutes across membrane

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27
Q

channel protiens

A

form channels that selvilcy allow the passage of certuian ions and molecules

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28
Q

carbohydrate side chains

A

outer surface of plasma membrane
on proteins

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28
Q

cell surface markers

A

glycoprotiens
lipids
exposed on outside
help with cell regication and adhesion

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28
Q

nucleus ( dierecter)

A

largest organell
dierects what goes on
cells ability to reproduce
home of DNA
nuclelous is inside of the nucleus

29
Q

chloetstral molecules

A

found in phoslpid
help stablize

30
Q

what structures is DNA organzied in

A

chrosmosones

31
Q

nucleolus

A

RNA is made
ribosomes are made

32
Q

ribosomes

A

protien synthesis
create the protiens
either used for the cell or pushed out the cell
they have 2 units small and large
free floating or to the ER

33
Q

ER

A

provides support and helps in transport

34
Q

rough ER

A

attchated to nuclous
with ribosomes
protens made from this go to the plasma or used to build golgi, lysomes

35
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosmes
makes lipids, hormones, steroids
breaks down toxic chencials

36
Q

golgi complex ( packing and distrubtion center)

A

processing of protiens
once the ribomsoes are done synthesizing on the rough ER the golgi modifes, processes, sorts
paccakge into little sacs called vesicles
production of lyssomes

37
Q

mitocondra

A

converts energy from orgainc molcules into useful energy for the cell
ATP
double membrane
cirsta
outer membrane
inner membrane
intermembrane space
matrix

38
Q

crista

A

in mitocondra
is folds
seperates the matrix from intermemebrane
ATP
having folds inc surface area for ATP

39
Q

lysosmoes ( clean up crew/lemons)

A

break down old organells
function on acidic ph ( enclosed isnide lumen)
made when enzymes from golgi fuse with endocytosis

40
Q

centrioles

A

found in MTCO ( organzation centers)
cellaular divsion
anamil cells

41
Q

vacuoles ( storage)

A

store food water pigemnst waste

42
Q

peroxismoes

A

detoxify
produces hydeogen

43
Q

cytoskeletepn

A

holds shape of cell
protien fibers ( microtublous and microfillamnets)

44
Q

microtublous

A

made of tublin
cellar divsion and movmnet
centrioles, cillia, flagella

45
Q

microfilaments

A

movemnet
actin

46
Q

plant cells

A

cell wall ( made of cellous, protective)
chloroplast( double outer membrane and chloraphil)
central vacuole
no centrioles

47
Q

large full vacuoles

A

healthy plant

48
Q

faciliated transport

A

susbstance is hydrophlic
the bilayer wonr let it pass without assistance

49
Q

aquaporins

A

water spefic channls

50
Q

how do susbtacnes move

A

down a concentraion gradient
from high to low
diffusion: permeable to solute

51
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecule diffusing that is hydrophobic
small nonpoalr molecule can drift throigh membrane without trouble

52
Q

facilated diffsion

A

requires help of a channel protien

53
Q

passive transport

A

susbtsance is moving by diffsuion
no outside energy required
riding bycyle down hill

54
Q

osmosis

A

water diffusing
most concertared to least concentrated
water is dissolving things/ not pure so usually a solution
water is used to diloute things/ reduce it
not permeable to solute
low to high

55
Q

cell membrane movemnt

A

shrink away from cell wall if it loses water
if it loses water it can expand and squeeze tightly against the cell wall

56
Q

tonicity

A

osmotic gradient

57
Q

if an enviormnet is isotonic to the cell

A

the sououte concentraion is the same inside and outside

58
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute outside the cell
water moves out of the cell
cell shrinks

59
Q

hypotonic

A

lower solute outside the cell
water moves into the cell
cell swells

60
Q

water potentional

A

measure of potental energy in water
ergarness of water to flow from high to low

61
Q

active transport

A

movemnt agsaint the natrual flow
uphill bike
atp

62
Q

sodium potatsium pump

A

ushers out three( sodium) brijngs in two ions ( potassium)

63
Q

primary active transport

A

atp dierectly utlized to transport something

64
Q

secondary active transport

A

when something activly transported using energy captrued from the movement of another substance flowing down its concentration graidient

65
Q

endocytosis

A

when a cell is too big
uses cell membrane to engold it and forms vesscile
pinosytosis
phagocutosis
receptormeddiated

66
Q

pinocytsis

A

cell ingests liquids ( cell drinking)

67
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell takes in solid ( cell eating)

68
Q

receptormeddiated cytosis

A

cell surface recaptors
when a partcle binds to the receptor and folds in

69
Q

bulk flow

A

one way movmnet of fluids from pressure

70
Q

dialaysis

A

diffsuion of solutes across selctvly permable membrane

71
Q

exocytosis

A

large partckes transpotred out the cell
cell ejects waste by fusion of a vesicle with plasma membrane

72
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

ratio has to be large
folds inc surface area
smaller cells have larger ratio
as cells inc in volume the ratio dec and exchange of materials bceomc less effienct

senior year study (14 decks)

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