Part Four: Equality and rights Flashcards
1
Q
rights of women during the 19th century
A
they were still legally dependent on men but many wanted more equality
2
Q
what were the three main groups created from 1897 to 1913 to campaign for the right for women to vote (female suffrage)?
A
- national union of women’s suffrage societies (NUWSS)
- the women’s freedom league
- women’s social and political union (WSPU)
3
Q
leader of the NUWSS
A
millicent fawcett
4
Q
when was the NUWSS created?
A
1897
5
Q
what were the NUWSS known as?
A
suffragists
6
Q
what did the NUWSS believe in?
A
peaceful methods, such as meetings, speeches, letters and posters
7
Q
what did the NUWSS want to be seen as?
A
kind and gentle in order to persuade men to give them the vote
8
Q
who created the women’s freedom league?
A
by WSPU members who did not believe in violent tactics
9
Q
when was the women’s freedom league created?
A
in 1907
10
Q
who did the women’s freedom league mostly consist of?
A
pacifists
11
Q
what did the women’s freedom league also campaign for?
A
equal pay for women
12
Q
who led the women’s social and political union (WSPU)?
A
emmeline pankhurst and was created with her daughters Christabel and Sylvia
13
Q
how did emmeline pankhurst create the WSPU?
A
she was a member of the Manchester NUWSS and decided it was time for more direct action
14
Q
when was the WSPU formed?
A
1903
15
Q
what were members of the WSPU known as?
A
suffragettes
16
Q
what did the WSPU believe in?
A
‘deeds not words’
17
Q
what did all three women’s rights campaign groups have in common?
A
- middle-class
- wanted the vote for women
18
Q
how did the NUWSS try and get the vote?
A
- lobbying MPs
- speaking publicly
- creating petitions
- distributing pamphlets
19
Q
did the NUWSS get much attention?
A
did get some attention
20
Q
how could the WSPU’s tactics be described as?
A
militant tactics
21
Q
how did the WSPU try and get the vote?
A
- heckling MPs during speeches
- demonstrations outside the house of commons
- chaining themselves to railings
- arson attacks and blowing up buildings
22
Q
event caused by the WSPU in 1912?
A
1912 stone-throwing campaign where over 200 suffragettes were arrested
23
Q
the suffragette martyr
A
emily wilding davison
24
Q
what happened at the 1913 epsom derby race?
A
- davison ran onto the track in front of the king’s horse
- she died of her injuries
25
why did emily wilding davison run on the track in the epsom derby race of 1913?
no one knows whether she meant to kill herself or simply to stick a suffragette rosette on the king's horse
26
how is the suffragette martyr, emily wilding davison, remembered?
she is regarded as the first martyr of the suffragette movement and it was now clear how far these women would go to get the vote
27
prison protests of the suffragettes
- suffragettes were regularly arrested for their violent tactics
- in prison, they extended their protest by going on hunger strike
28
the government did not...
want to create martyrs
29
government action towards the prison protests
- government could not let the women die
- they were from middle-class families with influential husbands or fathers
- women were initially force fed but this was seen as too dangerous as it could lead to disabilities or death
30
what did the government pass as a result of the prison hunger strike protests?
- the prisoners (temporary discharge for ill health) act in 1913
31
what did the prisoners (temporary discharge for ill health) act of 1913 state?
said that women should be released when they became too weak due to starvation and once they were well enough, they would be rearrested and returned to prison
32
what was the prisoners (temporary discharge for ill health) act known as?
the cat and mouse act
33
opposition towards the suffragettes' aims and methods
- many people though that they held back women's suffrage because their violence made them look irrational and unbalanced which was a good reason for not having the vote
- people thought that a women's place was in the home
- and many people believed that politics was a man's world and women were unsuited to it
34
what did PM Herbert Asquith believe about women's suffrage?
that politics was a man's world and women were unsuited to it, so he blocked moves to give women the vote
35
when was the campaign for women's suffrage put on hold?
when WW1 broke out in 1914 as the suffragettes joined the war effort by working in factories and doing other war work
36
how did war help women get the vote?
- multi-tasking
- ability to do men's jobs
- ability to work in stressful environments - they could make clear-headed decisions
37
women proved they could still do war work and...
still look after their children and homes
38
by working on farms, in factories...
and on the front lines as nurses, women showed that they could do the same jobs as men and they became known as the 'angel of the factory'
39
women ran family businesses and worked in the stressful...
war environment which showed they could make clear-headed decisions
40
after the war, the government felt...
that some women deserved the vote, as did the working-class men who had fought
41
act of february 1918
the 1918 representation of the people act
42
what did the 1918 representation of the people act state?
gave the vote to all men over 21 and to all women over 30 but with property qualifications
43
what happened to women working post-war?
after the war, women had to leave the workplace and make way for the men returning from war
44
women continued to campaign for ALL women to be able to vote and in 1928...
women were given the vote on equal terms with men
45
what was given in 1928?
women were given the vote on equal terms with men
46
how was the 1960s women's movement born?
women continued to campaign for greater equality and so the movement was born
47
what did the 1960s women's movement demand?
- equal pay with men
- more women in higher education
- 24-hour child care
- free contraception and abortion on demand
48
successes of the 1960s women's movement
- 1969 - divorce reform act
- 1970 - equal pay act
- 1975 - sex discrimination act
49
when was the divorce reform act established?
1969
50
what did the 1969 divorce reform act state?
allowed women to divorce their husbands and claim any property owned in the divorce settlement
51
when was the equal pay act established?
1970
52
what did the 1970 equal pay act state?
gave women the right to be paid the same as men for the same work
53
when was the sex discrimination act established?
1975
54
what did the 1975 sex discrimination act state?
gave women rights and protection in the workplace
55
long term effects of the suffrage for women?
- today, women and men are not completely equal in society as there are still more men in higher education and there is still a wage gap
- however, the suffragettes ensured that women could do something to change it: they could vote
56
causes of the general strike of 1926 in chronological order
- impact of the first world war
- techology
- mine owners and the unions
57
how did the impact of the first world war contribute to the outbreak of the general strike of 1926?
- during the war - britain's output had been high with LOTS of people working in industry
- coal mines had been nationalised, but returned to private owners afterwards
- after 1918 - was a fall in demand for coal
58
what did the fall in demand for coal after 1918 mean the mine owners had to to?
mine owners either had to close inefficient mines or introduce new automatic machinery that would mean fewer men were needed
59
how did technology contribute to the outbreak of the general strike of 1926?
- british coal mining struggled further because mines in countries like germany and the USA had more modern equipment and lower costs
- british mines could not compete and so unions called for the mines to be re-nationalised
60
how did mine owners and their unions contribute to the outbreak of the general strike of 1926?
- 15 april 1921 (black friday)
- mine owners announced longer working hours but a drop in wages
- miners decided to strike but without the support of other big unions they had to go back to work or lose their jobs
61
what happened to the price of coal in 1925?
it fell and miners faced a further wage cut
62
fearing a general strike with the miners backed by other big unions, the government...
subsidised the coal industry
63
what happened in april 1926?
the government subsidy ran out and the miners did not want a pay cut so the TUC agreed to strike
64
TUC
trades union congress
65
when did the general strike begin?
3rd may 1926
66
how long did the general strike last?
nine days
67
what were government actions during the general strike?
- the army and university students took over essential jobs in industry
- used own newspaper 'british gazette' as propaganda to turn the public against the strike
- the army stopped the violent clashes between the strikers and the government
68
what were TUC actions during the general strike?
- strikers travelled to picket other industries and at times clashed violently with the police
- they used THEIR newspaper 'the british worker' to explain reasons for the strike
- they set up funds to feed the families of strikers to help keep the strike going
69
when did the general strike end?
12th may 1926
70
who won the general strike of 1926 and why?
the government because the unions ran out of money and the labour party did not support the strike
71
after their loss of the general strike, what did miners have to do?
they had to return to work for lower wages and longer hours
72
what act did the government pass in 1927?
the trades disputes and trades unions act of 1927
73
when was the trades disputes and trades unions act passed?
1927
74
what did the trades disputes and trades unions act of 1927 state?
stopped unions joining together to strike or pay funds to a political party
75
impacts of the second world war on trade union reform
- society changes and most industries were nationalised
- trade union membership increased when the labour government passed an amended trades disputes and trade unions act
76
when did increased union membership become a problem?
when the 1960s brought an increase in prices and a drop in wages
77
what happened in 1972 and 1974?
national union of miners vote for coal strikes which lead to three-day week
78
when were the national union of miners vote for coal strikes?
in 1972 and 1974
79
what did the national unions of miners vote for coal strikes lead to?
a three-day week
80
what does a new labour government in 1974 bring?
a social contract which secures regular wage increases
81
what happens in winter 1978-79?
series of strikes by public sector trade unions demanding larger pay rises
82
when do a series of strikes by public sector trade unions demanding larger pay strikes occur?
winter 1978-79
83
what happens in 1979 politically?
conservatives come to power under margaret thatcher and they begin to challenge the power of unions
84
when were the employment acts introduced?
1980 and 1982
85
what did the employment acts state?
making it unlawful for someone to be fired because they are not in a union and it also gives employers more power to fire striking employees
86
when was the miners' strike?
1984
87
what government actions did the miners' strike result in?
government introduces trade union act, making it more difficult to strike legally
88
when did the miners' strike end?
1985
89
what did the end of the miners' strike result in?
government has control over trade unions
90
what happened to britain's empire as a result of WW1 and WW2?
britain's large empire began to shrink as many countries became independent from that empire
91
how did some countries keep ties with britain after WW1 and WW2?
they became part of the commonwealth
92
what did the british government need to do after WW1 and WW2?
rebuild the country
93
after WW2, there was a shortage...
of people to work in low paid and unskilled jobs
94
how did britain try and fix the issue of a shortage of people to work in low paid and unskilled jobs?
by inviting people from commonwealth countries to come to live and work in britain
95
when was the british nationality act?
1948
96
what did the british nationality act of 1948 state?
gave all commonwealth citizens the chance to move to britain
97
if commonwealth citizens came to the 'mother country'...
they could gain full british citizenship
98
why did people from commonwealth countries want to come to britain?
to see what britain was like and to benefit from new opportunities
99
how could immigrants afford the cost of travelling by ship?
the british government gave interest-free loans
100
how could immigrants secure a job before leaving their home country?
recruitment fairs in countries like jamaica
101
what happened on 22nd june 1948?
the ship 'empire windrush' docked near london with 492 people from the caribbean on board
102
over the next decade after the ship 'empire windrush' docked near london with 492 people from the caribbean on board...
more immigrants arrived from the caribbean and asia
103
what were the three factors contributing to the immigrant experience?
- social
- employment
- housing
104
what was the social aspect of the immigrant experience?
- the first wave of immigrants were mostly young, black men ; they clashed with groups of young white men
- in the areas that immigrants had moved to there was segregation
105
what was the employment aspect of the immigrant experience?
- many immigrants were forced to do low paid, unskilled work as their qualifications were not recognised
- doctors arrived from the indian subcontinent and worked in the new NHS
- many asian immigrants started their own businesses in their communities
106
how was the housing aspect of the immigrant experience?
- many white people moved out of areas that immigrants moved to - known as the 'white flight'
- many landlords even housing associations tried to stop black and asian people renting their houses
107
when was tension most prominent in the immigrant experience?
tensions came to a head in 1958 with the notting hill riots
108
why did the notting hill riots occur?
many people felt there were too many immigrants in the major cities and relations between the immigrants and some white residents grew worse
109
why did black people find it harder to get jobs?
factory owners and other employers refused to employ immigrants
110
legislation placed in 1962 for immigration?
the commonwealth immigrants act
111
what did the commonwealth immigrants act of 1962 state?
immigrants need to apply for a work voucher to come to britain and they can only get one if their skills are in demand
112
legislation placed in 1968 for immigration?
the commonwealth immigrants act
113
what did the commonwealth immigrants act of 1968 state?
- even those from the ommonwealth who hold a british passport cannot come to britain unless they have a parent or a grandparent who was born in or a citizen of the UK
114
why was the commonwealth immigrants act of 1968 possibly introduced?
out of fear that 200,000 asians living in kenya might come to britain to escape discrimination, due to the policy of africanisation being introduced in kenya
115
legislation placed in 1971 for immigration?
immigration act
116
what did the immigration act of 1971 state?
immigrants can only get temporary work permits and also encourages voluntary repatriation - the government will help people move back to their country of origin and change their citizenship back
117
what was the governments message with the immigration reforms?
- they wanted to reduce the number of immigrants
- but the reforms were viewed as an attempt to simply reduce non-white immigration
118
the feeling that government acts were racist was fuelled by...
the politics of Enoch Powell
119
who was Enoch Powell?
a government MP who was very outspoken about immigration
120
famous speech given by Enoch Powell in 1968
'the Rivers of Blood'
121
what was the impact of Powell's politics?
he gained a lot of support, especially from the working class
122
what did supporters of 'Powellism' believe?
that white people were superior to non-white people, even those born in britain
123
what did powellism encourage?
the politics of the National Front, a group who wanted all non-white people to return to their family's country of origin
124
government legislation to reassure the black and asian community in britain that they were represented
- 1965 race relations act
- 1968 commonwealth immigrants act
- 1976 race relations act
125
when were the two race relations acts?
1965 and 1976
126
what did the race relations act of 1965 state?
prevented racial discrimination in housing and employment ; no criminal convicts were ever brought before the Race Relations Board
127
what did the commonwealth immigrants act of 1968 state?
aimed to help the integration of immigrant communities
128
what did the race relations act of 1976 state?
that discrimination meant any practice that put another group at a disadvantage ; replaced race relations board with more powerful commission for racial equality
129
when were the brixton riots?
1981
130
what was 1976 race relations act seen as?
a failure
131
why was the 1976 race relations act seen as a failure?
within five years there were riots in Brixton and in major cities around the UK
132
what were the three factors contributing to the Brixton riots?
- economic
- political
- social
133
describe the economic factors contributing to the riots.
- recession in britain in the late 1970s
- economic hardship hit black communities the hardest with high unemployment, poor housing and higher crime rates
134
describe the political factors contributing to the riots.
- 1977- the battle of lewisham was caused by a national front march through the borough of lewisham, a predominantly black area
- the national front was convinced that black people were more likely to be involved in crime and this made them even more against multi-cultural societies
135
describe the social factors contributing to the riots.
- a new law allowed the police to 'stop and search' anyone they suspected was about to commit a crime- known as the 'sus law'
- many people saw this as racial profiling and felt that more black people were being stopped because of their skin colour
136
how did these economic, political and social factors result in tension increasing in brixton?
- when 1000 people were stopped in six days in brixton under 'sus law'
- tension increased as young black men felt attacked in their own community
137
what sparked the start of the brixton riots?
- rumours of police brutality and the arrest of a young black man on 10th april 1981
138
explain the events of the brixton riots
- three days
- black community fought the police and set fire to cars and buildings
139
what happened after the brixton riots?
lord scarman was asked to write a report on the events
140
what did the scarman report state?
- no institutional racism in the metropolitan police service
- suggested making racially predjudiced behaviour an offence
- ended the 'sus law'
- led to the creation of the police complaints authority
141
what was conducted in the 1990s?
an investigation proving that the metropolitan police service did suffer from institutional racism after their poor response to the murder of stephen lawrence - opposing the scarman report
142
what was stephen lawrence's murder in 1993 referred to as?
a racially motivated attack
