Part 2 : English revolution, Civil War, Charles I and the Commonwealth Flashcards
1
Q
who became king in 1625?
A
- charles I
- after his father James I died
2
Q
what would happen to charles, within 20 years of becoming king?
A
- charles would be at war with his own country and would eventually have his head chopped off
3
Q
what did charles I believe?
A
- charles I believed that kings derived their authority from God, so should not have to justify their actions to any earthly authority such as a parliament known as the divine right of kings
4
Q
did the king have favourites?
A
- yes
- such as the duke of birmingham
5
Q
how did charles rule?
A
- without parliament from 1629
6
Q
what did king charles tax everyone with?
A
ship money in 1637
7
Q
who did charles marry?
A
a french catholic, henrietta maria
8
Q
religion of the church under charles
A
- became more catholic with the changes introduced by archbishop william laud
9
Q
what was introduced in 1637?
A
- a new prayer book
- upset the Scots so much they gathered an army
10
Q
the Scots v Charles’ Army
A
- the Scots defeated Charles’ army and then invaded England
11
Q
Puritans under Charles
A
- wrote critically
- were punished by the Star Chamber
12
Q
What did the Short Parliament do in April 1640?
A
- they wouldn’t give Charles money to fight the Scots
13
Q
what were Parliament worried about?
A
that the Earl of Strafford would help Charles rule England with an Irish army
14
Q
what were Laudian reforms?
A
- reforms introduced by William Laud
- imposed a new prayer book in Scotland
15
Q
what happened after the Laudian reforms?
A
- some Presbyterians in Scotland joined together and signed an agreement called a covenant in 1638
16
Q
what did the covenant state?
A
- that the Presbyterians would not accept the changes
- those who signed the agreement and their supporters became known as the Covenanters
17
Q
summary of the causes of the english revolution
A
- parliament did not trust king charles I due to his religious links and his attempts to rule the country without consulting parliament on matters of finance, religion and foreign policy
18
Q
government causes of the english revolution
A
- charles ruled without parliament from 1629
- the short parliament, april 1640, would not give charles money to fight the scots
- parliament worried that the earl of strafford would help charles rule england with an irish army
19
Q
religion causes of the english revolution
A
- charles married a french catholic, henrietta maria
- the church became more catholic with the changes introduced by archbishop william laud
- new prayer book in 1637 upset the scots so much so that they gathered an army
- puritans wrote critically and were punished by the star chamber
20
Q
war causes of the english revolution
A
- the scots defeated charles’ army, and then invaded england
21
Q
economic causes of the english revolution
A
- the king taxed everybody with ship money in 1637
- the short parliament would not give charles the money to fight the scots in april 1640
22
Q
role of the individual causes of the english revolution
A
- charles I believed that kings derived their authority from God, so they should not have to justify their actions to any earthly authority such as parliament - known as the divine right of kings
- king had favourites
- ruled without parliament from 1629
- taxed everyone with ship money in 1637
- he married a french catholic, henrietta maria
23
Q
who were king charles’ favourites?
A
such as the Duke of Buckingham
24
Q
when did the civil war begin?
A
in nottingham in august 1642
25
how did the civil war begin?
charles I declared war on parliament and called on all of his supporters for help
26
did everyone support the king?
no, not everyone was a loyal supporter of the king
27
who were the cavaliers?
- the royalists
- wealthy landowners who did not want to lose their wealth
28
what were the cavaliers worried about?
- the growing influence of parliament
29
who were the roundheads?
- parliamentarians
- mostly merchants who were not happy about the king's taxes
30
who were the roundheads supported by?
middle-class and peasant workers
31
where were the roundheads based?
in southern england and london
32
where were the cavaliers based?
mainly based in northern england
33
what did the roundheads not support?
charles' religious and political reforms
34
who was oliver cromwell?
- the MP for cornwall
- a puritan
35
what did oliver cromwell lead?
he led parliamentary forces with thomas fairfax
36
what did oliver cromwell create?
a new model army
37
when and where did the war start and who was winning?
- 1642
- battle of edgehill
- war started with no clear winner
38
describe what happened in the battle of edgehill
- started with no clear winner
- the king then tried to take london but failed and withdrew to oxford
- both sides fought using cavalry and infantry and used tactics that had been seen in many battles before
39
what was the aim of the parliamentarians?
- most did not want the full removal of the king but simply a removal of royal reforms
- however, cromwell was angry about this and was committed to removing the king
40
how did cromwell plan on removing the king?
using his new model army
41
what was different about the new model army?
- he recruited men based on their ability rather than their privilege
- army was disciplined and lived by a strict religious and moral code
- the men were not allowed to drink or swear
42
when was the new model army used for the first time?
- at the battle of naseby in 1645
- emerged victorious over the king's smaller army
43
what was considered a turning point in the civil war?
- the victory of the new model army at the battle of naseby
44
how many men did the new model army have compared to the royalist army?
- NMA : 14,000 men
- RA : 9,000 men
45
tactics of the new model army
- approached slowly rather than charging
- manoeuvred behind the royalist infantry and attacked from the rear
46
outcome of the civil war
- end of the king's last great army
- the new model army went on to capture bristol and oxford
47
what happened in 1647?
- second civil war
- 1647 - charles surrendered to the scottish army which later handed him over to the new model army to go on trial for treason
- however, when negotiating with parliament, charles encouraged a scottish army to invade england and make the english church presbyterian
48
when was the battle of naseby?
1645
49
when in the second civil war did the scots fight the NMA?
- 1648
- at the battle of preston
- scots were defeated and charles confirmed that he couldn't be trusted as he encouraged the scottish army to invade england
50
december 1648 : the second civil war
- the regiment of thomas pride surrounded parliament
- they refused entry to those who supported the king (pride's purge)
- charles would be tried with no one to support him
51
why were parliamentarians not happy at the end of the second civil war which went against him in his trial?
- they weren't happy that charles continued to challenge his authority of government and limit the development of democracy
- this would go against him in his trial
52
when was king charles I put on trial?
january 1649
53
what was king charles I charged with?
treason
54
how many commissioners were present at the trial and what did this show?
- of the 135 commissioners that were due to turn up only 68 were present
- there was a feeling that things had gone too far as most people had wanted to remove royal reforms but not the king himself
- only oliver cromwell was sure the king had to go
55
what happened in king charles I's trial?
- 27th january 1649 he was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death
- the court president justified that by saying charles had attacked the basic liberties of the country by refusing to call parliament
- 30th january 1649 he was beheaded
56
were people in support of king charles I's execution?
- charles had to wait hours until they found an executioner who was willing to kill him
57
what law needed to be passed before the king's death?
they needed to pass a law that stopped a new monarch being installed on the king's death
58
what were the moral justifications for the king's execution?
the court heard that charles had approved of the ill-treatment of parliamentary forces during the war
59
what were the political justifications for the king's execution?
there was a new sense of freedom as ordinary men could now have influence
60
what were economic justifications for the king's execution?
people wanted an end to the taxes they had to endure during charles' reign such as ship money
61
what were religious justifications for the king's execution?
as far as the soldiers and cromwell was concerned, the king's defeat was a sign of God's providence
62
what happened after charles I's execution?
- oliver cromwell became the leader of the commonwealth
63
what is the commonwealth?
a term for a political community founded for the common good
64
what would the new commonwealth be?
a republic
65
what impact did the english revolution and the execution of charles have on new ideas of the commonwealth?
- the levellers were a politically radical group who spread the idea of votes for all men and a more equal society
- the diggers were similar to the levellers but they campaigned for land reform
- english society had changed to become more equal and ordered due to puritanism
66
what impact did the english revolution and the execution of charles have on religion of the commonwealth?
- cromwell was a puritan and wanted society to reflect his beliefs
- however people were free to worship however they liked
- jews, who had been banished from england in 1290 were invited back into britain
- religious radicalism developed
67
what impact did the english revolution and the execution of charles have on economy of the commonwealth?
- the navigation act of 1651 stated that only english ships could arrive at or leave england
- system of taxation reorganised to make it more efficient for everyone
68
when was the navigation act?
1651
69
what impact did the english revolution and the execution of charles have on the politics of the commonwealth?
- cromwell won against spanish and dutch which restored england's reputation abroad
- he appointed major generals to the 11 districts he created and they kept strict control over everyone
70
what happened in 1660?
charles' son became king as charles II
71
what powers did king charles II have?
- there were limits to what he could do
- parliament had much more power
72
what happened in 1689?
a law was passed which completely limited the powers of the king
73
how did people see cromwell in the 1660s?
- during the restoration of the monarchy under charles II many saw him as the devil
74
how did historians view cromwell in the 19th century?
- were kinder
- when britain was moving more towards a democracy and parliament was more important
