Part 2 : Henry VIII, The Reformation and the Pilgrimage of Grace Flashcards
1
Q
what was sixteenth century society like?
A
- centered around the church
2
Q
function of monasteries in the sixteenth century
A
- places of learning and culture
- offered medical treatment and sometimes acted as refuges for the poor or homeless
3
Q
the public’s religious worries
A
- people were so worried about going to hell that they paid the church indulgences to be forgiven for their sins and to help them get to heaven
4
Q
what was the reformation?
A
- a religious movement in the 1500s that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church because of their wealth and their influence in society
5
Q
who were the reformation’s ideas fuelled by?
A
- the writings of martin luther in 1517
- he translated the bible into german and criticised the church for selling indulgences
6
Q
what was the act of supremacy?
A
- henry made himself head of the church of england in 1534 with the act of supremacy
- he did this with the help of his adviser, thomas cromwell
- cromwell was a blacksmith’s son who was well travelled
- he helped henry divorce catherine of aragon and increase his wealth
7
Q
why did king henry VIII support the reformation?
A
- henry saw the pope as a competing power - he wanted the people of england to listen to him only
- henry wanted a divorce from catherine of aragon but the pope would not allow it
- if henry was in charge of the church itself, he would not need to pay the pope taxes
8
Q
what did thomas cromwell promise?
A
- to make henry VIII the richest king in europe and to do it he would take the wealth from the monasteries
9
Q
the church’s wealth
A
- the church had an annual income of more than £200 000 which meant that it earned nearly double that of the king and henry wanted this wealth
10
Q
what happened to monasteries in 1536?
A
- small monasteries with an annual income of less than £200 were shut down in 1536
11
Q
what was set up by cromwell to evaluate monasteries?
A
- valor ecclesiasticus - he had reports written about how the monasteries were spending their money
- if they were not being run properly, they were shut down
- those writing the reports were encouraged to make the monasteries sound worse than they were, making it easier to close them
12
Q
why were people unhappy about henry’s changes?
A
- rising prices
- changes to religion
- landowners lost influence
- cromwell’s power
13
Q
prices rising after henry’s changes
A
- prices continued to rise under henry
- his advisers were blamed
14
Q
who lost influence after henry viii’s changes?
A
- those who had been supporters of catherine of aragon fell out of favour after the divorce
15
Q
what were religious conflicts after henry viii’s changes?
A
- many people wanted the monasteries back, with the pope as the head of the church
16
Q
growing dislike towards cromwell
A
- cromwell was hated by landowners who resented his influence; he was blamed for the changes to the church
17
Q
who were angry about the changes to the church and what happened as a result of it?
A
- devout christians who were angry about the changes to the church
- rebellion broke out in yorkshire called the pilgrimage of grace
18
Q
what were the demands of the devout christians who were angry about the changes to the church (the pilgrimage of grace)?
A
- to restore the monasteries because of their importance within the community
- to recognise the pope as the head of the church
- dismiss cromwell and other ministers who were giving the king poor advice
19
Q
how did the pilgrimage of grace marchers march?
A
- carried a banner showing the five wounds of christ
20
Q
what was the pilgrimage of grace uprising about?
A
- religion and against the king’s advisers, who were seen to be corrupting it
21
Q
who was the leader of the pilgrimage of grace?
A
- the rebels had found a leader in a lawyer called Robert Aske
- he was able to put the case together to show that the pilgrims weren’t against the king himself and had no intention of challenging royal authority
22
Q
what were the actions of the pilgrimage of grace rebels?
A
- they captured key locations throughout october 1536
- started in lincoln with lord hussey who had supported catherine of aragon - he wanted a removal of tax in peacetime
- the town of york and pontefract castle were captured, they had been held by lord darcy but he surrendered and joined the pilgrims
- by the end of october, they had control of most of england north of chesire and lincolnshire
- 27th october - duke of norfolk met the pilgrims at doncaster bridge - he had an army of 8000 men and Aske had 30,000
23
Q
state some key locations captured by the pilgrimage of grace rebels.
A
- lincoln
- town of york and pontefract castle
- most of england north of chesire and lincolnshire
24
Q
how big was the duke of norfolk’s army compared to Aske’s army?
A
- 8000 - duke of norfolk
- 30,000 - robert aske, leader of the pilgrimage of grace
25
who had been selected by the king to negotiate with the pigrims and why?
- the duke of norfolk
- he was a catholic
- he was a strong critic of cromwell
26
what did the duke of norfolk agree to do?
- take the new list of demands from the pilgrims to henry
- they were the same as before but they added that a parliament must meet in york to provide better representation for the north
27
when were the pilgrim's list of demands presented to the king?
- december 1536
- robert aske spent the christmas holiday with henry at his palace
- henry reassured asks that he was taking their demands seriously
28
what did henry begin to do after the pilgrim's list of demands were presented to him?
- he started to strengthen his garrison in the north
29
what was attacked by the rebels in january 1537?
- castles in hull, beverly and scarborough
30
what did henry do after the pilgrims attack on castles in 1537?
- he cancelled the pardons and sent Norfolk north where another rebellion was taking place in Carlisle
- the rebels surrendered
- several hanged
- rebellion was over
31
what were the categories of the different types of impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
- religious
- economic
- political
32
what were the religious impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
- failed to stop the dissolution of the monasteries
- in 1539 many larger monasteries were dissolved
33
what were the economic impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
- the economy improved with the money from the monasteries and henry was able to develop the royal navy
- landowners bought the monastery land
34
what were the political impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
- cromwell had darcy, hussey and aske killed
- henry strengthened the council of the north
- no more rebellions took place during henry's reign
- cromwell eventually fell out of henry's favour and was executed in 1540
