Part 91

Question 1

91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.

Answer 1

1) The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.
2) In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency.
3) Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule under paragraph (b) of this section shall, upon the request of the Administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the Administrator.

Question 2

91.7 Civil airworthiness.

Answer 2

1) No person may operate an aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition.
2) The PIC is responsible for determining if an aircraft is airworthy. The PIC shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur.

Question 3

91.9 Civil Aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.

Answer 3

Must comply with Limitation section of RFM, and all placards/markings in the aircraft.

Question 4

91.11 Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.

Answer 4

No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with a crewmember in the performance of his/her duties aboard an aircraft being operated.

Question 5

91.13 Careless or reckless operation.

Answer 5

1) Aircraft operations for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an
aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of
another.
2) Aircraft operations other than for the purpose of air navigation. No person may
operate an aircraft, other than for the purpose of air navigation, on any part of the surface of an airport used by aircraft for air commerce (including areas used by those aircraft for receiving or discharging persons or cargo), in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.

Question 6

91.15 Dropping objects.

Answer 6

No PIC may allow objects to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property on the ground. However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of an object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.

Question 7

91.17 Alcohol and drugs.

Answer 7

No person may act as PIC:
1) Within 8 hours after consumption of any alcoholic beverage;
2) While under the influence of alcohol;
3) While using any drug that affects the person’s faculties in any way contrary to safety; 4) While having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater in a blood or breath
specimen.
Except in an emergency, no PIC may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of drugs to be carried in that aircraft.
Must submit to an alcohol or drug test upon request of law enforcement officer or FAA Administrator.

Question 8

91.21 Portable electronic devices.

Answer 8

No person may operate, nor may any PIC allow the operation of, any portable electronic device on an air carrier flight. This section does not apply to:
1) Portable voice recorders;
2) Hearing aids;
3) Heart pacemakers;
4) Electrical shavers; or
5) Any other portable electronic device that the operator of the aircraft has determined
will not cause interference with the navigation or communication system of the
aircraft.

Question 9

91.103 Preflight action.

Answer 9

PIC must become familiar with:
1) Runway lengths
2) Reliable information relating to aircraft performance - airport elevation, aircraft gross
weight, wind and temperature.
Basically you must determine HIGE and HOGE performance based on forecasted conditions.

Question 10

91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

Answer 10

1) PIC must ensure that each person is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten their safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness.
2) Cannot pickup, taxi, takeoff, or land unless the PIC ensures that each person has been notified to fasten his/her safety belt/shoulder harness.
3) Passengers must occupy a seat with a safety belt/shoulder harness, and that safety belt/shoulder harness must be fastened during pickup, taxi, takeoff, and landing.
4) Baby seats must be in a forward facing seat, properly label that they meet FAA/DOT standards, and not next to an exit.
5) Part 135 operations are required to comply with 135.128 instead of 91.107

Question 11

91.111 Operating near other aircraft.

Answer 11

1) No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
2) No formation flying unless arranged with PIC in other aircraft.
3) No formation flying when carrying passengers for hire.

Question 12

91.113 Right-of-way rules.

Answer 12

1) See and avoid
2) Aircraft in distress has right-of-way over all other aircraft
3) Head-on: alter course to the right
4) Overtaking: slower aircraft has right-of-way. Pass on the right.
5) Landing: aircraft on final has right-of-way. If two or more aircraft, aircraft at lower
altitude has the right-of-way.

Question 13

91.119 Minimum safe altitudes: General.

Answer 13

1) At an altitude allowing for an autorotative emergency landing without undue hazard to persons for property on the surface.
2) Other than that, helicopters may operate at any altitude that doesn’t cause a hazard to persons or property on the ground.
3) Refer to 135.203

Question 14

91.121 Altimeter settings.

Answer 14

Set to current reported altimeter setting of a station along the route and within 100 nm of the aircraft.

Question 15

91.123 Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions.

Answer 15

1) Cannot deviate from a clearance unless an amended clearance is obtained, an emergency exits, or the deviation is in response to TCAS.
2) If you deviate from a clearance for one of the reasons above, you must notify ATC as soon as possible.
3) If you are given priority by ATC in an emergency, you shall submit (upon request) a detailed report of that emergency within 48 hours to the manager of the ATC facility.

Question 16

91.125 ATC light signals.

Answer 16

With respect to aircraft in flight:
Steady Green - Cleared to land
Flashing Green - Return for landing
Steady Red - Give way to other aircraft and continue circling Flashing Red - Airport unsafe, do not land
Flashing White - N/A
Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution

Question 17

91.129 Operations in Class D airspace.

Answer 17

1) Must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the tower. 2) Communications failure. You may land as long as:
1) Wx conditions are at or above basic VFR weather minimums;
2) Visual contact with the tower is maintained; and
3) A clearance to land is received. (See 91.125)

Question 18

91.130 Operations in Class C airspace.

Answer 18

1) Must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the tower. 2) Must have a Mode C Transponder, and it must be turned on (See 91.215) 3) No information communication failure procedures listed in FAR.

Question 19

91.131 Operations in Class B airspace.

Answer 19

1) Must receive a clearance from ATC prior to entering Class B airspace.
2) Mode C Transponder (See 91.215)

Question 20

91.147 Passenger-carrying flights for compensation or hire.

Answer 20

1) Must comply with safety provisions of Part 136.

2) Must apply for and receive a Letter of Authorization from the FSDO

Question 21

91.151 Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.

Answer 21

1) Enough fuel to fly to first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed, to fly after that for at least 20 minutes.
2) Planning is based on forecasted wind and weather conditions.
3) See 135.203

Question 22

91.155 Basic VFR weather minimums.

Answer 22

1) Class A - N/A
2) Class B - Clear of Clouds
3) Class C - 3 SM 500, 1000, 2000
4) Class D - 3 SM 500, 1000, 2000
5) Class E Less than 10K MSL - 3 SM 500, 1000, 2000
6) Class E At or Above 10K MSL - 5 SM 1000, 1000, 1
7) Class G 1,200 AGL or Less - Clear of Clouds if at a speed that allows the pilot
adequate opportunity to see any air traffic or obstruction in time to avoid a collision 8) Class G More than 1,200 AGL but less than 10K MSL -
1) Day 1 SM 500, 1000, 2000
2) Night 3 SM 500, 1000, 2000
9) Class G More than 1,200 AGL and at or above 10K MSL - 5 SM 1000, 1000, 1

Question 23

91.157 Special VFR weather minimums.

Answer 23

Requires:

1) ATC clearance
2) Remain clear of clouds
3) NO SVFR on sectional does not apply to helicopters

Question 24

91.159 VFR cruising altitudes or flight level.

Answer 24

Follow these rules whenever cruising more than 3,000 feet AGL:

1) Mag Course of 0 to 179: Odd thousands +500 feet (3500, 5500, etc.)
2) Mag Course of 180 to 359: Even thousands +500 feet (4500, 6500, etc.)

Question 25

91.203 Civil aircraft: Certifications required.

Answer 25

1) Current Airworthiness Certificate (must be visible in the cockpit) 2) U.S. Registration Certificate

Question 26

DAY 91.205 Powered civil aircraft with standard category U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements.

Answer 26

Day

1) Airspeed Indicator
2) Altimeter
3) Compass
4) Engine Tachometer (N2)
5) Oil Pressure Gauge
6) Temp Gauge for liquid-cooled engine (TOT)
7) Oil Temp Gauge for air-cooled engine
8) Fuel Gauge
9) Approved safety belt for each occupant 2 years of age or older
10) An ELT if required by 91.207
11) Shoulder harness for front seats
12) Shoulder harness for all seats if helicopter manufactured after Sep 16, 1992.

Question 27

NIGHT 91.205 Powered civil aircraft with standard category U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements.

Answer 27

Night
1) Position lights
2) Red and white anticollision light system
3) One electric landing light
4) Electrical power for electrical and radio equipment
5) One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required, that are
accessible to the pilot in flight. Refer to 135.159

Question 28

91.207 Emergency locator transmitters.

Answer 28

ELT must be inspected every 12 months
Batteries must be replaced:
1) After ELT has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour; or 2) When 50% of their useful life has expired.
Not required by Part 91 for helicopters.
Not required by Part 135 either.
BUT, it is required by TOPS!

Question 29

91.209 Aircraft lights.

Answer 29

1) No person may operate an aircraft during the period from sunset to sunrise unless it has lighted position lights.
2) No person may operate an aircraft that is equipped with an anticollision light system, unless it has lighted anticollision lights. Pilot can turn anticollision light off in the interest of safety.

Question 30

91.211 Supplemental oxygen.

Answer 30

1) 12,500 to 14,000 MSL for more than 30 minutes - required minimum crew provided with and uses supplemental oxygen.
2) Above 14,000 MSL - required minimum flight crew provided with and uses supplemental oxygen the entire time.
3) Above 15,000 MSL - each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen.
4) See 135.89

Question 31

91.213 Inoperative instruments and equipment.

Answer 31

No person may takeoff in an aircraft with inoperative instruments or equipment installed unless the following conditions are met:
1) An approved MEL exists for that aircraft.
2) The aircraft has a Letter of Authorization, issued by the FSDO, authorizing operation
of the aircraft under the MEL.
The following instruments and equipment may not be included in an MEL:
1) Anything required by the airworthiness certificate to be operable under all operating
conditions
2) Anything required by an AD to be in an operable condition Refer to regulations for what to do if aircraft doesn’t have an MEL.

Question 32

91.215 ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.

Answer 32

Transponder required:
1) In Class A, Class B, and Class C airspace.
2) Within 30 miles of Class B airport from the surface up to 10,000 MSL
3) Above Class C airspace up to 10,000 MSL
While in any controlled airspace, each person operating an aircraft equipped with an operable ATC transponder shall operate the transponder, including Mode C equipment if installed.
Deviation from 91.215
1) Transponder working, but Mode C is inoperative - request to ATC may be made at
any time.
2) Inoperative transponder - request to ATC may be made at any time.
3) No transponder - request must be made at least one hour before the proposed
operation.

Question 33

91.407 Operation after maintenance, preventative maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration.

Answer 33

No person may operate the aircraft until:
1) Aircraft is returned to service
2) Maintenance record entry has been completed
Cannot carry any passengers on a Operational Check Flight (only crewmembers).

Question 34

91.409 Inspections.

Answer 34

1) Annual inspection every 12 months
2) For aircraft engaged in carrying passengers for hire or flight instruction, a 100 HR
inspection is required.
3) 100 HR limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours, but only to fly aircraft
to a place where the 100 HR inspection will be done. The excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the time for the next 100 HR inspection.

Question 35

91.411 Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment test and inspections.

Answer 35

Test and inspection required every 24 months for IFR operations.

Question 36

91.413 ATC transponder test and inspections.

Answer 36

Transponder must be tested and inspected every 24 months.