Part 135

Question 1

135.19 Emergency operations.

Answer 1

1) In an emergency involving the safety of persons or property, the certificate holder may deviate from the rule of this part relating to aircraft and equipment and weather minimums to the extent required to meet that emergency.
2) In an emergency involving the safety of persons or property, the pilot in command may deviate from the rules of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency.
3) Each person who, under the authority of this section, deviates from a rule of this part shall, within 10 days, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and Federal holidays, after the deviation, send to the FAA FSDO a complete report of the aircraft operation involved, including a description of the devision and reasons for it.
4) This is different from 91.3 which only requires a written report if requested by the Administrator.

Question 2

135.21 Manual requirements.

Answer 2

1) An Operations Manual is required
2) Everybody must conduct operations in accordance with the Ops Manual
3) Copy of Ops Manual must be on aircraft whenever it is operating away from the
principal operating base.

Question 3

135.65 Reporting mechanical irregularities.

Answer 3

1) Each certificate holder shall provide an aircraft maintenance log to be carried on board each aircraft for recording or deferring mechanical irregularities and their correction.
2) Pilot must review previous discrepancies and ensure that there are no open discrepancies in the logbook.
3) Pilot must record all discrepancies that come to his/her attention.

Question 4

135.67 Reporting potentially hazardous meteorological conditions and irregularities of ground facilities or navigation aids.

Answer 4

Whenever pilot encounters one of the above conditions that he/she considers essential to the safety of other flights, the pilot shall notify an appropriate ground radio station as soon as practicable.

Question 5

135.69 Restriction or suspension of operations: Continuation of flight in an emergency.

Answer 5

1) During operations, if the PIC knows about conditions, including airport and runway
conditions, that are a hazard to safe operations the certificate holder or PIC, shall
restrict operations as necessary until those conditions are corrected.
2) No PIC may allow a flight to continue toward any airport of intended landing under
the conditions above, unless, in the opinion of the PIC, the conditions that are a hazard to safe operations may reasonably be expected to be corrected by the ETA
or, unless there is no safer procedure. In the latter event, the continuation toward that airport is an emergency situation under 135.19.

Question 6

135.71 Airworthiness check.

Answer 6

The PIC may not begin a flight unless the pilot determines that the airworthiness inspections required by 91.409 of this chapter, or 135.419, whichever is applicable, have been made.

Question 7

135.73 Inspections and tests.

Answer 7

Must allow Administrator, at any time or place, to make inspections (including en route inspections) or tests to determine compliance with regulations.

Question 8

135.75 Inspectors credentials: admission to pilots’ compartment: Forward observer’s seat.

Answer 8

1) If FAA shows credentials, PIC will grant the inspector free and uninterrupted access
to the pilot compartment of the aircraft. However, this paragraph does not limit the emergency authority of the PIC to exclude any person from the pilot compartment in the interest of safety.
2) Must allow inspector to sit in the front seat, and must give him a headset during en route inspections.

Question 9

135.77 Responsibility for operational control.

Answer 9

Each certificate holder is responsible for operational control and shall list, in the Ops Manual, the name and title of each person authorized by it to exercise operational control.

Question 10

135.79 Flight locating requirement.

Answer 10

1) Each certificate holder must have procedures established for locating each flight, for which an FAA flight plan is not filed, that -
1) Provides the certificate holder with at least the information required to be included in a VFR flight plan;
2) Provides for timely notification of an FAA facility or search and rescue facility, if an aircraft is overdue or missing; and
3) Provides the certificate holder with the location, ate, and estimated time for reestablishing communications, if the flight will operate in an area where communications cannot be maintained.
2) Flight locating information shall be retained until the completion of the flight.

Question 11

135.83 Operating information required.

Answer 11

The operator of an aircraft must provide the following materials, in current and appropriate form, accessible to the pilot at the pilot station, and the pilot shall use them: 1) Cockpit checklist

2) Pertinent aeronautical charts
3) List of info required to be on checklist can be found here

Question 12

135.87 Carriage of cargo including carry-on baggage.

Answer 12

No person may carry cargo, including carry-on baggage, in or on any aircraft unless: 1) It is carried in an approved cargo rack, bin, or compartment installed in or on the
aircraft;
2) It is secured by an approved means; or
3) It is carried in accordance with each of the following:
1) For cargo, it is properly secured by a safety belt or other tie-down having enough strength to eliminate the possibility of shifting under all normally anticipated flight and ground conditions, or for carry-on baggage, it is restrained so as to prevent its movement during air turbulence.
2) It is packaged or covered to avoid possible injury to occupants.
3) Doesn’t exceed any load limits, seat limits, etc.
4) Doesn’t block an exit.

Question 13

135.89 Pilot requirements: Use of oxygen.

Answer 13

1) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 12,000 feet MSL - Pilot will use oxygen after 30 minutes
2) Above 12,000 feet MSL - Pilot will use oxygen at all times. 3) Refer to 91.211

Question 14

135.99 Composition of flight crew.

Answer 14

Must have SIC if aircraft has seating configuration, excluding pilot seat, of ten seats or more.

Question 15

135.100 Flight crewmember duties.

Answer 15

1) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft.
2) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with proper conduct of those duties. Activities such as engaging in nonessential conversations are prohibited.
3) Critical phases of flight include all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight.

Question 16

135.115 Manipulation of controls.

Answer 16

No PIC may allow any person to manipulate the flight controls of an aircraft during flight unless that person is:
1) A pilot employed by the certificate holder and qualified in the aircraft; or
2) An authorized representative of the Administrator who has the permission of the PIC,
is qualified in the aircraft, and is checking flight operations.

Question 17

135.117 Briefing of passengers before flight.

Answer 17

A) Before each takeoff each PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on:
1) Smoking
2) Use of safety belts, including instructions on how to fasten and unfasten safety belts.
3) Location and means for opening the passenger entry door and emergency exits.
4) Location of survival equipment.
5) If the flight involves extended overwater operation, ditching procedures and
the use of required flotation equipment.
6) If of oxygen if flight is above 12,000 feet MSL.
7) Location and operation of fire extinguishers.
B) Before takeoff, the PIC will brief each person who may need the assistance of another person to move expeditiously to an exit if an emergency occurs.
C) The oral briefing required in paragraph (a) shall be given by the PIC or a
crewmember.
D) If fewer than 19 passengers the certificate holder may designate another qualified
person to give the oral briefing.
E) Oral briefing must be supplemented by printed briefing cards which must be carried
in the aircraft in locations convenient for the use of each passenger.
F) The oral briefing may also be given by means of an approved recording playback
device.

Question 18

135.119 Prohibition against carriage of weapons.

Answer 18

Cannot carry a conceal or unconcealed deadly or dangerous weapon unless. Doesn’t apply to:
1) Officials or employees of a municipality or a State, or of the Unites States, who are
authorized to carry arms; or
2) Crewmembers and other persons authorized by the certificate holder to carry arms. 3) Refer to the Ops Manual for company policy.

Question 19

135.120 Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.

Answer 19

No person may assault, threaten, or intimidate, or interfere with a crewmember in the performance of the crewmember’s duties aboard an aircraft being operated under this part.

Question 20

135.121 Alcoholic beverages.

Answer 20

1) No person may drink any alcoholic beverage aboard an aircraft unless the certificate holder operating the aircraft has served that beverage.
2) No certificate holder may serve alcohol to any person who appears to be intoxicated.
3) No certificate holder may allow any person to board any of its aircraft if that person
appears to be intoxicated.
4) Refer to Ops Manual for company policy on the carriage and serving of alcohol to
passengers.

Question 21

135.128 Use of safety belts and child restraint systems.

Answer 21

A) Each person on board must occupy a seat with a seatbelt, and that person must wear the seatbelt during taxi, takeoff, and landing.
B) For a child that has not yet reached his/her second birthday, the child may sit on the lap of an adult and the seatbelt will be fastened around both of them. The child cannot occupy or use any restraining device (harness, vest-restraint, etc.)
C) If a child is occupying a child restraint system (car seat), the system must be approved and properly labeled, and the child must be accompanied by a parent, a guardian, or somebody designated by the parent.

Question 22

135.129 Exit seating.

Answer 22

This section only applies to on demand operations with aircraft having more than 19 passenger seats, or commuter operations with aircraft having more than 9 passenger seats.
Must have briefing cards at each exit seat that explain how to use the emergency exits. Must refer to the briefing cards during the oral passenger briefing.
The following people are not permitted to sit next to an exit:
1) Any person that would be unable to perform the tasks necessary to operate the
emergency exit door, exit through the door, or help others use the exit. This could be
a mental or physical impairment. 2) Any person less than 15 years old.

Question 23

135.149 Equipment requirements: General

Answer 23

A sensitive altimeter that is adjustable for barometric pressure is required.

Question 24

135.155 Fire extinguishers: Passenger-carrying aircraft.

Answer 24

No person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers unless it is equipped with hand fire extinguishers for use in the crew and passenger compartments as follows:
1) Type and quantity of extinguishing agent must be suitable for the kinds of fires likely
to occur;
2) At least one hand fire extinguisher must be provided and conveniently located on the
flight deck for use by the flight crew; and
3) Must also have hand fire extinguisher in passenger compartment if aircraft has at
least 10 seats but less than 31 seats (not including pilot seat).

Question 25

135.157 Oxygen equipment requirements.

Answer 25

1) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to at least 10% of the occupants after 30 minutes.
2) Above 15,000 feet MSL - to all passengers, all the time.

Question 26

135.159 Equipment requirements: Carrying passengers under VFR at night or under VFR over-the-top conditions.

Answer 26

Required Night Equipment:
1) Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator (Helicopters with max certified takeoff weight of
more than 6,000 pounds) 2) Slip skid indicator
3) Gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicator
4) Gyroscopic direction indicator
5) Generator able to supply all probable combinations of continuous in-flight electrical
loads for required equipment and for recharging the battery
6) Anticollision light system
7) Instrument lights (Direct rays must be shielded from the pilots’ eyes) 8) Flashlight having at least two “D” cell or equivalent batteries.

Question 27

135.161 Communication and navigation equipment for aircraft operations under VFR over routes navigated by pilotage.

Answer 27

A/C must be equipped with the two-way radio equipment necessary to fulfill the following:

1) Communicate with at least one appropriate station from any point on the route, except for remote areas and areas where terrain makes communications impossible.
2) Receive meteorological information from any point en route, except in the same areas listed above.

Question 28

135.179 Inoperable instruments and equipment.

Answer 28

1) No person may take off an aircraft with inoperable instruments or equipment installed unless an approved MEL is used to defer the maintenance.
2) The following instruments and equipment may not be included in the MEL:
a) Anything required by airworthiness requirements
b) Anything required by an airworthiness directive
c) Instruments and equipment required for specific operations by this part.
3) Refer to 91.213

Question 29

135.203 VFR: Minimum altitudes.

Answer 29

Except where necessary for takeoff and landing, no person may operate under VFR in a helicopter over a congested area at an altitude less than 300 feet AGL. Must also comply with 91.119

Question 30

135.205 VFR: Visibility requirements.

Answer 30

No person may operate a helicopter under VFR in Class G airspace at an altitude of 1,200 feet or less AGL or within the lateral boundaries of controlled airspace unless visibility is at least:

1) Day - 1/2 mile
2) Night - 1 mile

Question 31

135.207 VFR: Helicopter surface reference requirements.

Answer 31

No person may operate a helicopter under VFR unless that person has visual surface reference or, at night, visual surface light reference, sufficient to safely control the helicopter.

Question 32

135.209 VFR: Fuel supply.

Answer 32

No person may begin a flight in a helicopter under VFR unless, considering wind and forecast weather conditions, it has enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing
and, assuming normal cruising fuel consumption, to fly for at least 20 minutes. This is the same requirement as 91.151

Question 33

135.213 Weather reports and forecasts.

Answer 33

If a regulation requires the use of a weather report or forecast, the pilot must use a report or forecast from one of the following:
1) The U.S. National Weather Service;
2) A source approved by the U.S. National Weather Service; or
3) A source approved by the Administrator.
4) If such a report is not available, the PIC may use weather information based on that
pilot’s own observations on those of other persons competent to supply appropriate observations.

Question 34

135.227 Icing conditions: Operating limitations.

Answer 34

No pilot may take off an aircraft that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any rotor blade, windshield, stabilizing or control surface, to a powerplant installation, or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system unless the frost adhering to the stabilizing or control surfaces has been polished to make it smooth.

Question 35

135.229 Airport requirements.

Answer 35

No pilot of an aircraft carrying passengers at night may take off from, or land on, an airport unless:
1) That pilot has determined the wind direction from an illuminated wind direction
indicator or local ground communications or, in the case of takeoff, that pilot’s
personal observations; and
2) The limits of the area to be used for landing or takeoff are clearly shown by boundary
or runway marker light or reflective material.

Question 36

135.243 Pilot in command qualifications.

Answer 36

1) Must have ATP and Instrument rating to serve as PIC for scheduled interstate passenger carrying operations.
2) Otherwise:
a) Commercial pilot certificate; and
b) 500 hours PIC, including 100 hours of cross-country flight time, at least 25 of
which where at night.

Question 37

135.244 Operating experience.

Answer 37

A) Cannot serve as PIC for commuter operations until you have 10 hours of operating experience (single engine aircraft requirement).
B) In acquiring the operating experience, each person must comply with the following: 1) The operating experience must be acquired after satisfactory completion of the appropriate ground and flight training for the aircraft and crewmember position.
2) The experience must be acquired in flight during commuter passenger- carrying operations.
3) Each person must acquire the operating experience while performing the duties of a PIC under the supervision of a qualified check pilot.
4) The hours of operating experience may be reduced to not less than 50% of the hours required by this section by the substitution of one additional takeoff and landing for each hour of flight.

Question 38

135.247 Pilot qualifications: Recent experience.

Answer 38

3 Takeoffs and 3 Landings within the previous 90 days. Day and night. Same requirement as 61.57

Question 39

135.263 Flight time limitations and rest requirements: All certificate holders.

Answer 39

1) You can only accept an assignment for flight if it won’t violate your required rest period/duty day.
2) Time spent traveling to or from work that is not local in nature, is not considered part of a rest period. Even if it is provided by the certificate holder.
3) A flight crewmember is not considered to be assigned flight time in excess of flight time limitations if the flights to which he is assigned normally terminate within the limitations, but due to circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember (such as adverse weather conditions), the time limitations are exceeded.

Question 40

135.267 Flight time limitations and rest requirements: Unscheduled one-and-two pilot crews.

Answer 40

A) Flight Time Limitations:
1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter
2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters
3) 1400 hours in any calendar year
4) 8 Hours during any 24 consecutive hours (one pilot crew) 5) 10 Hours during any 24 consecutive hours (two pilot crew)
B) Duty Time is limited to 14 hours during any 24 consecutive hours
C) There is no provision for exceeding the Duty Time limitations.
D) Pilot may only exceed Flight Time Limitations because of circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember (such as adverse weather).
E) Required Rest Periods if Flight Time Limits are Exceeded:
1) 11 consecutive hours of rest if flight time limits are exceeded by 30 min.
2) 12 consecutive hours of rest if flight time limits are exceeded by 30-60 min. 3) 16 consecutive hours of rest if flight time limits are exceeded by > 60 min.
F) Every pilot requires 13 rest periods of 24 consecutive hours in each calendar month.

Question 41

135.293 Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.

Answer 41

A) Must pass a recurrent checkride every 12 months consisting of a written or oral exam and a flight competency check.
B) Oral Exam must cover the following topics:
1) Part 61, 91, 135, and the Operations Manual
2) Aircraft Specific Subjects: powerplant, major components and systems,
performance and operating limitations, standard and emergency operating
procedures, and the contents of the RFM. 3) Weight and balance
4) Navigation
5) ATC procedures
6) Meteorology in general, including the principles of frontal systems, icing, fog,
thunderstorms, and windshear.
7) Procedures for recognizing and avoiding severe weather situations.
8) Procedures for escaping from severe weather situations, in case of inadvertent
encounters.
9) Procedures for operating in or near thunderstorms, turbulent air, icing, hail,
and other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions.
10) New equipment, procedures, or techniques, as appropriate.
B) Flight Competency Check may include any of the maneuvers and procedures currently required for the original issuance of the particular pilot certificate required for the operations authorized and appropriate to the category, class and type of aircraft involved.
C) Competent performance of a procedure or maneuver requires that the pilot be the obvious master of the aircraft, with the successful outcome of the maneuver never in doubt.

Question 42

135.299 Pilot in command: Line checks: Routes and airports.

Answer 42

A) Every 12 months the pilot must pass a flight check in one of the types of aircraft which that pilot is to fly. The flight check shall:
1) Be given by an approved check pilot;
2) Consist of at least one flight over one route segment; and
3) Include takeoffs and landings at one or more representative airports.
B) Ops Manual will establish procedures which will ensure that each pilot who has not flown over a route and into an airport within the preceding 90 days will, before beginning the flight, become familiar with all available information required for the safe operation of that flight.

Question 43

135.301 Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to acceptable standards.

Answer 43

A) If you take any test or check in the month prior to your due month, or in the month
after your due month, you are considered to have completed the test or check in the
calendar month in which it is required.
B) If a pilot being checked fails any of the required maneuvers, the person giving the
check may give additional training to the pilot during the course of the check. In addition to repeating the maneuvers failed, the check airman may require the pilot to repeat any other maneuvers that are necessary to determine the pilot’s proficiency.
C) If the pilot fails the check, he/she cannot be used until he/she has satisfactorily completed another check.

Question 44

135.337 Qualifications: Check airmen (aircraft) and check airmen (simulator).

Answer 44

1) Holds the airman certificates and ratings required to serve as a PIC in 135 operations. (Commercial Pilot Certificate)
2) Has satisfactorily completed all training required to serve as a PIC for a 135 operation. (135 Checkride, Route Checks, etc.)
3) Has completed training required by 135.339
4) Hold at least a Class III medical
5) Meets recency requirements of 135.247
6) Has been approved by the Administrator for the check airman duties involved. 7) Must have an entries in your 135 Training Record that confirm all of the above
requirements.

Question 45

135.338 Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator).

Answer 45

Same requirements as 135.337 except:

1) Has satisfactorily completed the training required by 135.340
2) Not required to be approved by the Administrator.

Question 46

135.339 Initial and transition training and checking: Check airmen (aircraft), and check airmen (simulator).

Answer 46

A) Must satisfactorily complete initial or transition check airman training; and
B) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, pass a proficiency or competency check
under the observation of an FAA inspector or an aircrew designated examiner
employed by the operator.
C) Initial ground training must include:
1) Check airman duties, functions, and responsibilities.
2) Applicable FARs and the certificate holder’s policies and procedures (Ops
Manual)
3) Applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting the required
checks.
4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of:
a) Improper and insufficient training; and
b) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect
safety.
5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
D) The transition ground training must include the approved methods, procedures, and
limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures
applicable to the aircraft to which the check airman is in transition.
E) The initial and transition flight training for check airmen must include the following:
1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during a check;
2) The potential results of improper, untimely, or nonexecution of safety measures during the check;
3) Training and practice in conducting flight checks from the left and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the pilot checks required by this part; and
4) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during checking.

Question 47

135.340 Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), and flight instructors (simulator).

Answer 47

A) Must satisfactorily complete initial or transition flight instructor training; and
B) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, satisfactorily conducts instruction under
the observation of an FAA inspector, an check airman, or an aircrew designated
examiner employed by the operator.
C) Initial ground training must include:
1) Flight instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
2) Applicable FARs and the certificate holder’s policies and procedures (Ops
Manual)
3) Applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting flight
instruction.
4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of:
a) Improper and insufficient training; and
b) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect
safety.
5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.
6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
7) Fundamentals of Instruction training, except for current CFIs.
D) The transition ground training must include the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft to which the flight instructor is in transition.
E) The initial and transition flight training for flight instructors must include the following: 1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during
instruction;
2) The potential results of improper, untimely, or nonexecution of safety
measures during instruction;
3) Training and practice in conducting from the left and right pilot seats in the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence
to conduct flight instruction required by this part; and
4) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for emergency
situations that are likely to develop during instruction.