Part 9: Immunopharmacology Overview Flashcards
what is the role of the immune system?
protect us from pathogenic mos and other harmful invaders
the 2 branches of the immune system
innate and adaptive
which immune system is the first line of defense against pathogen?
innate
which immune system has non-specific elimination of threats?
innate
which immune system involves inflammation, the complement pathway and pathogen lysis?
innate
which cells are involved in the innate immune response?
phagocytes (macrophages, NKC etc.) and mast cells
which cells are involved the adaptive immune response?
t and b cells
which immune system involves the specific recognition of pathogens and foreign substances?
adaptive
what is the body’s very first line of defense?
skin and mucous membrane
when tissue barrier is damages, the ___pathways are activated
complement
the innate immune system releases what inflammatory mediators?
histamines, prostaglandins, leukotrientes etc
what is the function of the innate immune system releasing inflammatory mediators?
alerts body that there has been a breach, causing macrophages and other immune cells to come to the site of the breach
the complement pathway acts to compliment the ____
immune resposne
what is the complement pathway?
a series of proteins that are activated in a cascade amining to quickly activate an imune response and neutralize pathogens
what are the 4 main functions of the compliment pathway?
- chemotoxis (recruiting macrophages and other immune cells)
- lysis of micorbe cell membranes
- target microbes for phagocytosis (opsonization)
- amplify antibody response to pathogen
how do complement proteins cause microbe lysis?
attach to the bacteria, causing their membrane to lyse
how do the complement proteins opsonize microbes?
bind to them, which flags the microbe for phagocytosis
what are antibodies?
proteins made by immune cells to aid in the recognition of foreign particles in the body
antibodies can bind to a specific protein sequence called ____
an antigen
describe the function of macrophages in innate immune function
engulf pathogens and break them down in lysosomes and present antigens to adaptive immune system
how do macrophages recognize pathogens?
based on general features (LPS etc.) and due to opsonization by complement proteins, but its not specific and they do not have memory
an antigen presenting cell tells T cells what to ____ and B cells what to ___
target; remember
___- cells are the primary mediators of the cell-mediated immune responses
T
what activates helper T cells?
connection with an antigen presenting cell
how do helper T cells alert other T cells of an infection?
by secreting cytokines
what are 3 types of T cells?
helper, natural killer, and cytotoxic
the cytokines released by helper T cells also increase the activity of ____
macrophages
helper T cells also communicate with B cells to facilitate the production of ___ cells
memory
how are memory cells made?
once alerted of the antigen by helper T cells, B cells will make antibodies against it so they can be used to fight the infection in the future
antibodies are also called ____
immunoglobulins
what types of cytokines do helper T cells produce?
IL 1 and IL2 etc
antibodies have very specific binding regions that recognize a small portion of the ____ on an antigen
peptide sequence
the specific peptide sequence of antigens that bind to antibodies is called the ___
epitope
where can antibodies be found?
on the surface of B cells or circulating in plasma
how do vaccines work?
intentionally injected with antigens so our body will build antibodies against it
what is the role of immune cells producing antibodies to our own cellular proteins?
allows them to know of something has gone wrong with a cell and if it needs to be destroyed
which cells are responsible for “Humoral immunity”?
B cells
what happens in an autoimmune disorder?
immune system recognizes self-antigens as foreign and attacks healthy cells
what is Grave’s disease?
autoimmune disease (hyperthyroidism)
what causes Grave’s disease?
immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the production and secretion of thyroid hormones
what is psoriasis?
autoimmune disorder that causes high proliferation of skin cells, resulting in additional layersand plaques
what type of allergic reaction is the most common?
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction involves ____ antibodies
IgE
type 1 hypersensitivity reactions cause the release of inflammatory mediators from ___ cells
mast
igE antibodies bind to antigens on ____ cells
mast
