Chapter 22: Cannabinoids Flashcards
cannabis sativa is an ____ herb
annual
cannabis sativa is sexually dimorphic, meaning
has both female and make sex organs
when was cannabis legalized in Canada?
October 18, 2018
the effects of cannabis are largely caused by ____ found in the plant
cannabinoids
in cannabis, the cannabinoids are concentrated in the ___ part of the female plant
flowering head
t/f the trichomes of the flowering heads contain the cannabinoids
t
what chemical in cannabis gives its distinct smell?
terpenes
cannabis produces a complex mix of around ___(#) bioactive molecules
600
what are some of the effects of cannabis in humans?
psychoactivty, pain relief, antinausea, anti plasticity
what are the 2 most important cannabinoids in cannabis?
THC and CBD
which cannabinoid is not psychoactive?
CBD
___ is the 2nd most important cannabinoid
CBD
___ is the main active ingredient in drug forms of cannabis
THC
which cannabinoid produces many of the psychoactive effects of cannabis?
THC
which cannabinoid is present in hemp, medicinal strains?
CBD
which cannabinoid has anti-inflammatory and anti-seizure activity??
CBD
which cannabinoid has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects?
THC
what strain of cannabis has more THC, marijuana or industrial hemp?
marijuana
what are the 3 major methods of administering cannabis?
pulmonary, oral, topical
what are the effects of taking cannabis by the pulmonary route?
avoids 1st pass metabolism, rapid onset absorbed across the lungs for short duration w/ systemic and CNS effects
what are the effects of taking cannabis by the oral route?
subject to 1st pass metabolism, variable bioavailability, delayed onset and longer action with systemic and CNS effects
what are the effects of taking cannabis by the topical route?
limited penetrance and systemic exposure, has local peripheral actions
what effect does cannabis have on mood
affects anxiety
what effect does cannabis have on posture?
affects coordination of movement
what are the acute effects of cannabis on CNS function?
- effects mood
- effects posture
- alters sensory perception
- changes in alertness
what are the acute effects of cannabis on non-CNS function?
- increased appetiete
- affects bP
- analgesi
- anti-nausea
what are cannabinoids?
diverse array of cannabis-like molecules
what are the 3 families of cannabinoids?
- phytocannabinoids
- endocannabinoids
- synthetic cannabinoids
what are phytocannabinoids?
cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant
what are endocannabinois?
naturally occurring cannabinoids found in the human brain and organs
what are synthetic cannabinoids?
made by chemists to mimic the actions of plant cannabinoids or influence the body’s concentrations of endocannabinoids
THC was isolated in ___(year) by ____
1964; Raphael
in in 1988 Allyn Howlet demonstrated that THC effects in cells that seem to be consistent with ___
activation of a receptor
what are the 3 hallmarks of receptor activation that are observed in cannabis use?
- activation of intracellular signalling cascades
- temperature sensitive
- saturable
THC is an agonist at 2 GPCRs, ___ and ___
CB1 and CB2
CB1 is highly expressed in what tissues?
brain and body
CB2 are found in the ___ cells and have ___ presence in the CNS under non-path conditions
immune; low
what is anandamide?
an endogenous cannabinoids known as “bliss” that mimics THC
what is 2-arachidonoylglycerol?
endogenous cannabinoid that is a conjugate of arachidonic acid and glycerol
anandamide binds to CB__ receptors
1
2-arachidonoylglycerol binds to CB___ receptors
1 & 2
which endogenous cannabinoid is found at much higher levels in the CNS?
2-arachidonoylglycerol
endocanabinoids (eCB) are produced by cellular ___
depolarization
retrograde release of eCBs from the postsynaptic neuron activates ___
presynaptic cannabiniod receptors
eCB signalling is terminated by metabolism by what enzymes?
MGL and FAAH
NT release is inhibited by activating ___ channels and closing ___ channels
K; Ca
CB___ regulates NT release
1
cannabinoids can suppress the release of ___ at the synapse
NT
CB1 is almost entirely expressed on ___
axon terminals
the CB1 receptor is one of the most densely expressed receptor in the ___
brain
high expression of CB1 is found in CNS areas involved in:
reward, mood, anxiety, memory, cognition, posture/movement, autonomic function, stress hormones, BP
the CB2 has high expression in the ___ and ___ and low expression in the ___
spleen and immune cells; brain
CB2 expression is up-regulated by ___ and ___
injury and cellular degeneration
activation of CB2 reduces the release of ___ in the periphery and brain
cellular inflammatory mediators
t/f there is no evidence that the CB2 receptor activation mimics THC psychoactivity
t
t/f the endocannabinoid system is one of the most important systems in neurotransmission, pain, and immunity
t
genetic variants in the endocannabinoid system genes have been identified in patients with a range of ___ disorders and syndromes
neurological
t/f manipulating the ECS has shown experimental potential, but in human clinical trials has shown only mild to moderate use in treating pain, cancer-induced nausea and some neurological conditions
t
what is Nabilone?
prescription THC analog
what is Dronabinol?
prescription THC analog approved but unavailable in Canada
what is Nabixols?
prescription THC/CBD botanical extract
what is Epidiolex?
prescription CBD botanical extract not yet approved in Canada (I believe used for epilepsy)
what is herbal cannabis?
dried plant and extracts available w/o an Rx under the cannabis act
t/f patients can receive herbal cannabis under the Cannabis act
t
t/f patients receiving medical cannabis required authorization from HCP
t
t/f most cannabis is not covered by health insurance
t
nabilone and donabinol are delivered by what route?
oral
what is the administration route for noabixols?
oromucosal (ex; sublingual spray)
what are the routes cannabis products can be administered?
oral, oromucusal, smokes, vaporized, other (topical, tinctures)
nabilone 0.25-1.0mg capsules are approved in Canada for what indication?
Cancer-induced nausea and vomiting
Nabiximols are approved in Canada for what indications?
MS-associated neuropathic pain, spasticity and advanced cancer pain
Epidiolex is approved in the US for what indications?
seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex
t/f medical cannabis cannot make health claims
t
for who is cannabis contraindicated?
- youth under 25
- history of unstable CVD
- psychosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder
- pregnancy / breastfeeding
- history of substance abuse
- dementia
what is cannabis syndrome?
a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
what are the clinical features of cannabis use syndrome?
poor functioning, use interferes w/ productive activities, demanding Rx, withdrawal symptoms, difficulty reducing use, other substance abuse, mood, anxiety, psychotic illness
