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Psycho-oncology & Pain Research > Part 5: Pain as an Emotion & the Evolutionary Account of Pain > Flashcards

Part 5: Pain as an Emotion & the Evolutionary Account of Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Pain as an emotion:

What are the 4 stages of the Sequential model of pain processing?

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

Pain as an emotion:

What are the 4 stages of the Sequential model of pain processing?

  1. Pain sensation.
  2. Pain unpleasantness.
  3. Pain-related emotions.
  4. Overt expression of pain.
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2
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Who analysed data of chronic pain patients attending a medical pain centre

Hint: W et al. (199_)

A

Wade et al. (1996)

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3
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Analysing data of chronic pain patients attending a medical pain centre (Wade et al., 1996).

How many patients were recruited?

A

506

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4
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Analysing data of chronic pain patients attending a medical pain centre (Wade et al. 1996).

What was the main finding of this study?

A

The Sequential model best characterised the stages of patients pain.

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5
Q

Pain as an emotion:

What BASIC emotions are frequently observed in pain?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Hint: G-FAD

A

Pain as an emotion:

What basic emotions are frequently observed in pain?

  1. Guilt.
  2. Fear.
  3. Anxiety.
  4. Depression.
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6
Q

Pain as an emotion:

What SOCIAL emotions are frequently observed in pain?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hint: SARRA

A

Pain as an emotion:

What SOCIAL emotions are frequently observed in pain?

  1. Subservience.
  2. Anger.
  3. Resignation.
  4. Rejection.
  5. Abandonment.
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7
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Emotional distress/unpleasantness motivated:

1.
2.

Hint: A, P-s

A

Pain as an emotion:

Emotional distress/unpleasantness motivated:

  1. Actions.
  2. Physical sensations of pain.
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8
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and chronic pain.

What two dimensions of pain are affected by depression?

1.
2.

Hint: M-a, C-e

A

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and chronic pain.

What two dimensions of pain are affected by depression?

  1. Motivational-affective.
  2. Cognitive-evaluative.
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9
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the motivational-affective component of pain:

1.
2.

A

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the motivational-affective component of pain:

  1. Decreased interest in activities.
  2. Increased sadness.
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10
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the cognitive-evaluative component of pain:

1.
2.

A

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the cognitive-evaluative component of pain:

  1. Maladaptive thought patterns.
  2. Negative appraisals of coping.
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11
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Who estimated the prevalence of depression in chronic pain?

Hint: M and C (200_)

A

Miller and Cano (2009)

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12
Q

Pain as an emotion:

According to Miller and Cano (2009), what percentage of chronic pain patients also have depression?

A

35%.

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13
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Who investigated the relationship between chronic pain, depression, gender and QoL?

Hint: A (200_)

A

Arnow (2006)

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14
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Investigating the relationship between chronic pain, depression, gender, age and QoL (Arnow, 2006).

What were the key findings?

1.
2.
3.

A

Pain as an emotion:

Investigating the relationship between chronic pain, depression, gender and QoL (Arnow, 2006).

What were the key findings?

  1. Chronic pain patients more likely to report depression than controls.
  2. Younger females more likely to report depression.
  3. Depressed patients with disabling chronic pain have lower QoL scores.
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15
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Who discovered depression is more common in chronic pain than other chronic illnesses like diabetes, cardiac disease and cancer?

Hint: C et al. (200_)

A

Campbell et al. (2003)

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16
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Who reported the prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients?

Hint: T and C (200_)

A

Tang and Crane (2006).

17
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients (Tang and Crane, 2006).

What percentage of chronic pain patients -
Attempt suicide:
Have suicidal ideation:

A

Attempt suicide: 5-14%

Have suicidal ideation: 20%

18
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients (Tang and Crane, 2006).

What 8 risk factors were identified for suicidality in chronic pain?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Hint: PIT-DID-HC

A

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients (Tang and Crane, 2006).

What 8 risk factors were identified for suicidality in chronic pain?

  1. Problem-solving deficits.
  2. Intensity
  3. Type
  4. Duration
  5. Insomnia
  6. Desire to escape.
  7. Helplessness/hopelessness
  8. Catastrophising.
19
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Name one of the most vulnerable populations to suicide.

A

Old Koreans.

20
Q

Pain as an emotion.

Depression and pain.

Who investigated the influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans?

Hint: K (201_)

A

Kim (2016)

21
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What 2 main factors were associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation?

1.
2.

A

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What were the 2 main findings?

  1. Moderate-severe limitations in self care and usual activities.
  2. Moderate-extreme pain.
22
Q

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What 3 main factors were associated with increase risk of suicide attempts?

1.
2.
3.

A

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What 2 main factors were associated with increase risk of suicide attempts?

  1. Arthritis and renal failure.
  2. Moderate limitations in usual activities.
  3. Extreme pain.
23
Q

Evolutionary account of pain:

As a result of its aversiveness, pain serves to promote an organisms health and integrity by:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

Evolutionary account of pain:

As a result of its aversiveness, pain serves to promote an organisms health and integrity by:

  1. Identifying what’s harmful.
  2. Prompting avoiding harm.
  3. Giving high priority to escaping danger.
  4. Promote healing by inhibiting activities.
24
Q

Evolutionary account of pain:

The inability to feel pain is called:

A

Congenial insensitivity to pain.

25
Q

Pain behaviours:

Pain behaviours result from experience pain and suffering. This are things a person does to does not do in response to tissue damage, such as:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A

Pain behaviours:

Pain behaviours result from experience pain and suffering. This are things a person does to does not do in response to tissue damage, such as:

  1. Verbal expressions,
  2. Facial expressions.
  3. Resting.
  4. Seeking medical attention.
  5. Refusing to engage in normal activities.
26
Q

Pain behaviours:

What are the 2 most common methods of measuring pain behaviours?

1.
2.

A

Pain behaviours:

What are the 2 most common methods of measuring pain behaviours?

  1. Self-report questionnaires.
  2. Direct observations of behaviours.
27
Q

Pain behaviours:

What are the 3 main functions of pain behaviours?

1.
2.
3.

A

Pain behaviours:

What are the 3 main functions of pain behaviours?

  1. Control tissue damage.
  2. Pain modulation.
  3. Communication and social regulation.
28
Q

Pain behaviours:

What are the most common cues of definite or sever pain in communicatively impaired children?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A

Pain behaviours:

What are the most common cues of definite or sever pain in communicatively impaired children?

  1. Distressed face.
  2. Crying.
  3. Screaming or yelling.
  4. Stiff or tense body.
  5. Difficult to comfort/console.
  6. Flinches or moves away when touched.
29
Q

Facial expressions of pain:

Evidence shows expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, fear and disgust are:

1.
2.
3.

A

Facial expressions of pain:

Evidence shows expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, fear and disgust are:

  1. Distinctive.
  2. Involuntary.
  3. Automatically appraised by observers.
30
Q

Facial expressions of pain:

Pain expressions are found to consistent across:

1.
2.

A

Facial expressions of pain:

Pain expressions are found to consistent across:

  1. Lifespan.
  2. Stimuli.
31
Q

Facial expressions of pain:

Pain expressions are not always consistently found across:

A

cultures, but are consistent for emotions.

32
Q

Facial expression of pain:

According to Williams (2002), what are the survival advantages of pain expressions?

1.
2.
3.

A

Facial expression of pain:

According to Williams (2002), what are the survival advantages of pain expressions?

  1. Observers promote rest and recovery.
  2. Protection from danger.
  3. Aid in obtaining basic needs.
33
Q

Facial expression of pain:

According to Williams (2002), the ability to detect pain in others evolved at the same time we became able to express pain. What other ability did we evolve?

A

The ability to suppress facial expressions of pain.

34
Q

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Who investigated the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability?

Hint: M et al. (201_)

A

Martel et al. (2012)

35
Q

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al., 2012).

Who was recruited for the study?

A

70 undergraduate students.

36
Q

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What was the task assigned to the student?

A

Watch video clips of chronic back pain patients performing lifting tasks and eliciting pain behaviours.

37
Q

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What were the 3 group conditions for the video task?

1.
2.
3.

A

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What were the 3 group conditions for the video task?

  1. No pain behaviour.
  2. Communicative pain behaviour through facial expressions.
  3. Protective pain behaviour (guarding or touching).
38
Q

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What did students do after watching the video task?

Provided ratings of:
1.
2.
3.

A

Negative effects of pain behaviours:

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What did students do after watching the video task?

Provided ratings of:

  1. Pain intensity.
  2. Readiness to work.
  3. Personality traits.
39
Q

Negative effects of pain behaviours.

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What were the 2 major findings of this study?

1.

2.

A

Negative effects of pain behaviours.

Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012).

What were the 2 major findings of this study?

  1. Communicative (facial expression) of pain rated as having more pain than no behaviours.
  2. Protective behaviours associated with less ready to work and less likeable or dependable.

Psycho-oncology & Pain Research (12 decks)

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