Part 3: The Function & Neurobiology of Pain Flashcards
What is pain?
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage.
What is the purpose of pain?
To protect an organism and to increase its chances of survival.
How does pain serve as a warning?
It occurs before serious injury occurs, to promote immediate withdrawal from a harmful injury and prevent further injury.
How does pain facilitate healing?
Sets limits on activities and enforces rest.
How does pain facilitate learning?
Serves as an aid to learning, by avoiding injurious objects or situations in future. This learning process involves language and symbols.
What are the 3 types of pain?
1.
2.
3.
Hint CAT
What are the 3 types of pain?
- Chronic
- Acute
- Transient
What is transient pain?
Pain of brief duration and little consequence. A normal part of daily life that doesn’t warrant seeking health advice.
What is acute pain?
Pain of recent onset and limited duration. Usually related to injury or disease. Does not overwhelm the body’s capacity to heal.
What is chronic pain?
Pain lasting 3+ months in duration, or beyond the expected time for healing. It may exceed the body’s capacity to heal.
Why are psychologists interested in pain?
- 2.
3.
Why are psychologists interested in pain?
- Pain is highly prevalent.
- Pain has a profound impact on QoL.
- Pain has a profound effect on society.
Pain is highly prevalent:
According to Breivik et al. (2006), what percentage of Europeans suffer from chronic pain?
19%
Pain is highly prevalent:
According to Breivik et al. (2006), what is the most common form of chronic pain?
Back pain, followed by headache.
Pain is highly prevalent:
According to the BPS (2015), how many people in England live with chronic pain?
14 million.
Pain is highly prevalent:
According to the BPS (2015), in 2011, what percentage of women and men reported chronic pain?
Men:
Women:
Men: 31%
Women: 37%
Pain is highly prevalent:
According to a systematic review by Fayaz et al. (2016), what proportion of the UK’s population have chronic pain?
Between / and /.
Between 1/3 and 1/2.
Pain is highly prevalent:
Who conducted an internet based survey of the prevalence of chronic pain in the US?
Hint: J et al. (201_)
Pain is highly prevalent:
Who conducted an internet based survey of the prevalence of chronic pain in the US?
Johannes et al. (2010)
Pain is highly prevalent:
Internet based survey of chronic pain in the US (Johannes et al., 2010).
What percentage of Americans had chronic pain?
30.7%
Pain is highly prevalent:
Internet based survey of chronic pain in the US (Johannes et al., 2010).
Was the prevalence of pain higher in men or women?
Women.
Pain is highly prevalent:
Internet based survey of chronic pain in the US (Johannes et al., 2010).
Of those who had chronic pain, what proportion had daily pain?
1/2.
Pain is highly prevalent:
Internet based survey of chronic pain in the US (Johannes et al., 2010).
Of those who had chronic pain, what percentage reported severe pain?
32%
Pain can have a profound effect on QoL:
Who investigated instances of probably anxiety and depression?
Hint: P and B (200_)
Pain can have a profound effect on QoL:
Who investigated instances of probably anxiety and depression?
Pallant and Bailey (2005)
Pain can have a profound effect on QoL:
According to Pallant and Bailey (2005), what percentage of cases had probable anxiety and depression?
Anxiety:
Depression:
Anxiety: 38.2%
Depression: 30.1%
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Who investigated the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients?
Hint: T T and F (200_)
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Who investigated the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients?
Thieme, Turk and Flor (2004)
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients (Thieme, Turk and Flor, 2004).
What was the prevalence of:
Anxiety disorder symptoms:
Depressive disorder symptoms:
Anxiety disorder symptoms: 32.2%
Depressive disorder symptoms: 34.8%
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Who investigated fear of pain and activity in fibromyalgia patients?
Hint: T R and B (200_)
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Who investigated fear of pain and activity in fibromyalgia patients?
Thieme, Turk and Burwinkle (2004)
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Fear of pain and acitivity in fibromyalgia patients (Thieme, Turk and Burwinkle, 2004).
What percentage of patients reported fear of pain and activity?
38.6%
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Who investigated fear of movement in chronic lower back pain patients?
Hint: T et al. (201_)
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Who investigated fear of movement in chronic lower back pain patients?
Thomas et al. (2010)
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Fear of movement in chronic lower back pain patients (Thomas et al., (2010).
What percentage of patients reported fear of movement?
79.6%
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Chronic pain is associated with disturbances in family functioning, including:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hint: PADE
Pain can have a profound impact on QoL:
Chronic pain is associated with disturbances in family functioning, including:
- Physical intimacy
- Alcoholism
- Depression
- Emotional intimacy
Pain can have profound effects upon society:
According to Maniadakis and Gray (2000), how much does back pain cost the NHS per annum?
£1 billion.
Pain can have profound effects upon society:
According to the Chief Medical Officer Annual Report (2008), how much does back pain cost the economy per annum?
£12.3 billion.
Functions of the nervous system:
What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?
1.
2.
3.
Hint: Si, IoD, Mo
Functions of the nervous system:
What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?
- Sensory input
- Integration of data
- Motor output
Functions of the nervous system:
What do the 2 major components (subsystems) of the somatosensory system detect?
1.
2.
Hint: Ms, Ns and T
Functions of the nervous system:
What do the 2 major components (subsystems) of the somatosensory system detect?
- Mechanical stimuli.
- Noxious stimuli and temperature.
Functions of the nervous system:
Name 5 types of mechanical stimuli:
- 3.
4.
5.
L-TV-PC
Functions of the nervous system:
Name 4 types of mechanical stimuli:
- Light
- Touch
- Vibration
- Pressure
- Cutaneous tension
L-TV-PCa
Functions of the nervous system:
The neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli, not as a perception of pain, but as a response to a stimuli, is called:
nociception.
Functions of the nervous system:
An actual or potentially damaging tissue event is called a:
noxious stimulus.
Functions of the nervous system:
Commonly referred to as pain receptors, although this isn’t accurate as nociception does not always result in pain, are called:
nociceptors.
Functions of the nervous system:
Nociceptors respond to multiple energy forms that produce injury, such as:
Hint: CMT
Functions of the nervous system:
Nociceptors respond to multiple energy forms that produce injury, such as:
- Chemical stimuli
- Mechanical stimuli
- Thermal stimuli
Hint: CMT