Part 2: Patient’s Subjective Understanding of Illness Flashcards
Symptoms vs. signs.
What is a symptom?
A subjective indication of a disorder or disease, such as pain, nausea or fatigue. Symptoms are subjective in the sense that they are not outwardly visible to others.
Symptoms vs. signs.
What is a sign?
An objective indication of disease, which can be felt, heard or seen by a medical professional. Bleeding, bruising, swelling and fever are examples of signs.
Symptoms vs. signs.
Symptoms may be accompanied by ________ signs of disease, such as abnormal laboratory test results during a physical examination.
Symptoms vs. signs.
Symptoms may be accompanied by objective signs of disease, such as abnormal laboratory test results during a physical examination.
Symptoms
Most of the common symptoms experienced are ____ and _________, and are not explained by diagnosis or ______ disease.
Symptoms
Most of the common symptoms experienced are mild and transient, and are not explained by diagnosis or organic disease.
Symptoms
The prevalence of physical symptoms depends on:
1.
2.
3.
of the population studied.
Symptoms
The prevalence of physical symptoms depends on:
- age
- gender
- socioeconomic status
of the population studied.
Who invented the Symptom Perception Model?
Kolk et al. (2003)
What are the 5 phases of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Hint: IADAE
What are the 5 phases of Kolk et al. (2003) System Perception Model?
- Information input.
- Attention.
- Detection.
- Attribution.
- Experience
During the 1st phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, name the type of information input:
During the 1st phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, name the type of information input:
Somatic information
During the 1st phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, describe the sources of somatic information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hint: PEEP
During the 1st phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, describe the sources of somatic information:
- Pathology (e.g. chronic disease)
- Emotions
- Environment
- Physiology
During the 2nd phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, attention, name its 3 components:
1.
2.
3.
Hint: NaSaEi
During the 2nd phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, attention, name its 3 components:
- Negative affectivity
- Selective attention
- External information
Hint: NaSaEi
During the 3rd phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, detection, what is the source of symptom detection?
Somatic sensations.
During the 4th phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, attribution, name the two categories symptoms can be attributed to:
1.
2.
During the 4th phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, attribution, name the two categories symptoms can be attributed to:
- Psychological attribution.
- Somatic attribution.
During the 5th phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, experience, name the two types of symptoms that give rise from psychological and somatic attributions:
- Psychological attributions –>
- Somatic attributions –>
During the 5th phase of Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model, experience, name the two types of symptoms that give rise from psychological and somatic attributions:
- Psychological attributions –> psychological symptoms
- Somatic attributions –> physical symptoms
Draw Kolk et al. (2003) Symptom Perception Model
.
Name 2 factors affecting symptom perception:
1.
2.
Hint: MS
Name 2 factors affecting symptom perception:
- Mood
- Sex
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Considering emotional factors, pain intensity has been found to significantly correlate with:
- 2.
3.
Hint: ADA
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Considering emotional factors, pain intensity has been found to significantly correlate with:
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Mood
Hint: ADA
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Who discovered pain intensity correlates with anxiety?
Hint: M, S and F (200_)
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Who discovered pain intensity correlates with anxiety?
Meredith et al. (2006)
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Who discovered pain intensity correlates with depression?
Hint: A et al. (199_)
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Who discovered pain intensity correlates with depression?
Arnstein et al. (1999)
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Who discovered pain intensity correlates with anger?
Hint: O et al. (199_)
Factors affecting symptom perception: mood.
Who discovered pain intensity correlates with anger?
Okifuji et al. (1999)
Factors affecting symptom perception: sex.
Who discovered differences between sexes in symptom reporting?
Hint: V W et al. (199;199)
Factors affecting symptom perception: sex.
Who discovered differences between sexes in symptom reporting?
Van Wijk et al. (1997; 1999)
Factors affecting symptom perception: sex.
What were the findings of Van Wijk et al. (1997;1999)
Women had higher rates of symptom reporting than men, even when taking into consideration factors like the population studied, measurement types taken and time frame used.
Factors affecting symptom perception: sex.
Where did Van Wijk et al. (1997;1999) collect their data from?
1.
2.
3.
Hint: Hs, Sr, Mr
Factors affecting symptom perception: sex.
Where did Van Wijk et al. (1997;1999) collect their data from?
- Health surveys
- Symptom reporting
- Medical registration
Who investigated the role of negative mood in asthma symptoms?
Hint: M et al. (200_)
Who investigated the role of negative mood in asthma symptoms?
Main et al. (2003)
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
Investigated the relationship between:
1.
2.
3.
Hint: RUN
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
Investigated the relationship between:
- Reporting of asthma symptoms.
- Use of reliever medication.
- Negative mood.
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
How many asthma patients were recruited?
42
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
How was the data collected?
Via a daily questionnaire.
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
What did the questionnaire measure?
1.
2.
3.
Hint: RUN
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
What did the questionnaire measure?
- Reporting of asthma symptoms.
- Use of reliever medication.
- Negative mood.
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
What were the 2 main types of symptoms recorded in the daily questionnaire?
1.
2.
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
What were the 2 main types of symptoms recorded in the daily questionnaire?
- Specific, typical symptoms related to asthma.
- Non-specific, somatic distress symptoms.
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
How long did the study last for?
a week.
The role of negative mood in asthma symptoms (Main et al., 2003):
What were the findings of a mediation model between the 3 key variables?
1.
2.
3.
- Negative mood leads to patients associating more non-specific symptoms to their asthma.
- This alters their perception of their asthma.
- Altered perception influences patients use of reliever medication.
Illness representations:
Who examined illness representations of breast cancer?
Hint: A and S (200_)
Illness representations:
Who examined illness representations of breast cancer?
Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea (2005)
Assessing illness representations of breast cancer: A comparison of patients with healthy and benign controls (Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea, 2005)
What was the objective of this study?
Examine the differences between healthy women and breast cancer patients’ representations of breast cancer.
Assessing illness representations of breast cancer: A comparison of patients with healthy and benign controls (Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea, 2005)
What type of design was the study?
Cross-sectional
Assessing illness representations of breast cancer: A comparison of patients with healthy and benign controls (Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea, 2005)
How many women free from breast diseases were recruited?
147
Assessing illness representations of breast cancer: A comparison of patients with healthy and benign controls (Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea, 2005)
How many women with breast cancer were recruited?
102
Assessing illness representations of breast cancer: A comparison of patients with healthy and benign controls (Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea, 2005)
How was data collected?
Via the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ)
Assessing illness representations of breast cancer: A comparison of patients with healthy and benign controls (Anagnostopoulosa and Spanea, 2005)
What were the 2 key findings of this study?
Women without breast cancer don’t believe they have much control over the disease and overestimate the role of external factors.
Women without breast cancer were also more worried about the role of radiation, diet and pollutions. They were less inclined to view it as a disease of chance.
Illness representations:
Who examined illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners?
Hint: S et al. (200_)
Illness representations:
Who examined illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners?
Searle et al. (2007)
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What was the objective of the study?
How many people were recruited?
To assess the illness representations of patients with T2 diabetes and their partners.
164 patients were recruited.
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What were the 3 factors measured in this study?
1.
2.
3.
Hint: Pat IP, Par IP, S-m B
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What were the 3 factors measured in this study?
- Patients illness perceptions.
- Partners illness perceptions.
- Self-management behaviours.
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What was used to measure patients and partners illness perceptions?
The revised illness perception questionnaire.
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
When were patients and partners illness perceptions measured?
At the beginning of the study.
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What variables were included to measure self-management behaviours?
1.
2.
3.
Hint: PMF
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What variables were included to measure self-management behaviours?
- Physical activity.
- Medication
- Food
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
How were self-management behaviours recorded?
Via self-report questionnaire.
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
When were self-management behaviours recorded?
12 months after the study began.
Illness representations among patients with T2 diabetes and their partners: Relationships with self-management behaviours (Searle et al., 2007).
What were the key findings of this study?
Partners perception of the illness partially affected the relationship between patients perceptions and self-management behaviours.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
What do we call the label given to an illness (medical diagnosis) and the symptoms experienced?
Identity.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
When we say an illness cause is either biological or psychosocial, this is known as the:
perceived cause.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Beliefs concerning how long an illness will last, and whether it is acute or chronic, is called the:
timeline.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Beliefs regarding the impact of an illness on overall QoL or how it affects an person’s functional capacity, are known as:
consequences.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Beliefs concerning the extent to which an illness can be treated and cured, and the extent to which the outcome is controllable by either themselves or powerful others, is called a:
control/cure.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
What are the 3 stages of Leventhal’s model?
1.
2.
3.
Hint: ICA
Leventhal’s illness representations:
What are the 3 stages of Leventhal’s model?
- Interpretation
- Coping
- Appraisal
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Describe the 3 phases of Stage 1 - Interpretation
Phase 1.
Phase 2.
Phase 3.
Hint: CMI
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Describe the 3 phases of Stage 1 - Interpretation
Phase 1. Confrontation- patient is confronted with illness.
Phase 2. Meaning - is assigned to problem via changes in illness cognitions.
Phase 3. Identification - of illness also leads to changes in emotional state.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Stage 2: coping
When faced with illness, people develop coping strategies in an attempt to return to a state of health. Name the 2 types of coping styles in Leventhal’s model:
1.
2.
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Stage 2: coping
When faced with illness, people develop coping strategies in an attempt to return to a state of health. Name the 2 types of coping styles in Leventhal’s model:
- Approach coping
- Avoidance coping
Leventhal’s illness representations:
Stage 3: Appraisal
What happens during this final stage?
Coping strategies are evaluated and the individual decides to either keep, change or modify their current approach.
Why is Leventhal’s model of illness cognitions considered self-regulatory?
Because the 3 main components interrelate to keep things as they are.
Who conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies, adopting the common-sense model of illness representations for various diseases and conditions?
Hint: H and O (200_)
Who conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies, adopting the common-sense model of illness representations for various diseases and conditions?
Hagger and Orbell (2003)
Meta-analysis of 45 studies, adopting the common-sense model of illness representations for various diseases and conditions (Hagger and Orbell, 2003)
What were the key findings?
1. 2. -- -- --
- Supports construct validity of common-sense model.
- Moderate-strong relationship between:
- - illness cognitions
- - coping behaviours
- - illness outcomes
What are the main research limitations of illness cognitions?
- Use of questionnaires.
2. Cross-sectional studies, lack of longitudinal data.
