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Psycho-oncology & Pain Research > Part 1: Chronic Medical Conditions > Flashcards

Part 1: Chronic Medical Conditions Flashcards

1. Describe what health psychology is, and the type of research Health Psychologists conduct. 2. Discuss the general impact chronic medical conditions can have upon the patient, and different coping strategies they may use.

1
Q

What are the 2 main things health psychology focuses on?

A
  1. How people cope with and manage illness.

2. Healthy behaviours.

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2
Q

What are the 4 main goals of health psychology?

A
  1. Understand psychological factors implicated in health & illness.
  2. Promote & maintain health.
  3. Prevention, treatment & management of illness.
  4. Improve healthcare systems & health policy.
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3
Q

When was the earliest definition of healthy psychology, and where can it be found?

A

In 1979, in a book title by Stone, Cohen & Adler.

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4
Q

When was health psychology first officially defined, and where?

A

In 1979, at Division 38 of Health Psychology at an APA meeting.

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5
Q

What are the 4 main things health psychologists do?

A
  1. Understand health & illness behaviours.
  2. Use knowledge of psychology to promote general wellbeing and understand physical wellness.
  3. Use special training to deal with mental & emotional aspects of health & illness.
  4. Conduct basic and applied research.
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6
Q

What are the 2 main things health psychologists consider when looking at health damaging behaviours?

A
  1. Identifying behaviours that may be damaging to a person’s health.
  2. Finding causal factors behind why people do or don’t engage in them.
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7
Q

List 6 health protective behaviours:

A
  1. Exercise.
  2. Healthy diet.
  3. Oral hygiene.
  4. Health checks.
  5. Self-examination.
  6. Attending preventative medical screenings.
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8
Q

What do health psychologists do when examining health related cognitions?

1.
2.

A
  1. Investigate cognitive processes which mediate & determine health related behaviours
  2. Examine whether modifying such processes are associated with therapeutic benefits
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9
Q

Give 3 examples of cognitive processes which mediate & determine health related behaviours:

A
  1. Health beliefs.
  2. Locus of control.
  3. Self-efficacy.
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10
Q

When health psychologists examine processes influencing health care delivery, they aim to investigate the health nature & effects of communication between healthcare practitioners & patients, such as:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Psychological interventions to improve communication.
  2. Facilitating adherence.
  3. Preparing for stressful medical procedures.
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11
Q

When exploring the psychological impact of acute & chronic illness on individuals, families & carers, psychological interventions play a role in:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Promoting self-management.
  2. Coping with pain or illness.
  3. Improving quality of life.
  4. Reducing disability & handicap.
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12
Q

Define: chronic

A

Of long duration, continuing.

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13
Q

Define: illness

A

Unhealthy condition, poor health, indisposition, sickness

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14
Q

What is illness synonymous with?

A

Disease, disorder

OR

a patients subjective perception of the disease.

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15
Q

How does the World Health Organisation describe a chronic illness?

A

“an illness of long duration & generally slow progression”

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16
Q

How long does a condition have to last for to be considered chronic?

A

3+ months

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17
Q

What is the leading cause of death in developing countries?

A

Infectious disease.

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18
Q

What is the leading cause of death in developed countries?

A

Chronic illness.

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19
Q

In the USA, according to CDCP & WHO (2012), what percentage of deaths are caused by chronic disease?

A

70%

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20
Q

In the USA, according to CDCP & WHO (2012), how many Americans are diagnosed with at least 1 chronic condition?

A

117 million, half the population.

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21
Q

In the USA, according to CDCP & WHO (2012), what percentage of Americans live with 2+ chronic conditions?

A

25%

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22
Q

In the USA, according to CDCP & WHO (2012), how much is spent annually on medical care?

A

$2 trillion.

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23
Q

In the USA, according to CDCP & WHO (2012), of the $2 trillion spent annually on medical care, what percentage that is spent on chronic disease?

A

75%

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24
Q

Compare the onset of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the onset of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: abrupt
Chronic: gradual

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25
Q

Compare the duration of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the duration of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: limited
Chronic: lengthly or indefinite

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26
Q

Compare the cause of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the cause of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: single
Chronic: multiple, often changes

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27
Q

Compare the diagnosis of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the diagnosis of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: usually accurate
Chronic: often uncertain

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28
Q

Compare the prognosis of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the prognosis of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: usually accurate
Chronic: often uncertain

29
Q

Compare the intervention of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the intervention of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: usually effective
Chronic: often indecisive

30
Q

Compare the outcome of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the outcome of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: cure
Chronic: management

31
Q

Compare the uncertainty of acute and chronic illness:

Acute:
Chronic:

A

Compare the uncertainty of acute and chronic illness:

Acute: minimal
Chronic: lots

32
Q

Name the 9 types of chronic illness:

Hint: Bec Mcg Ren

  8. 9.
A

Name the 9 types of chronic illness:

Hint: Bec Mcg Ren

  1. Blood (clotting)
  2. Eye
  3. Cardiovascular
  4. Musculoskeletal
  5. Cancer
  6. Gastrointestinal
  7. Respiratory
  8. Endocrine
  9. Neurological
33
Q

Name the 6 most common types of chronic neurological disorders:

Hint: Saa Dec

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A

Name the 6 most common types of chronic neurological disorders:

Hint: Saa Dec

  1. Schizophrenia
  2. Anxiety
  3. Alzheimer’s disease
  4. Depression
  5. Epilepsy
  6. Chronic headache/migraine
34
Q

Name the 5 most common types of chronic cardiovascular disorders:

Hint: ACHHP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A

Name the 5 most common types of chronic cardiovascular disorders:

Hint: ACHHP

  1. Angina.
  2. Coronary heart disease.
  3. Hypertension.
  4. Heart failure.
  5. Peripheral vascular disease.
35
Q

Name the 5 most common types of cancer:

Hint: LL-PBH

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A

Name the 5 most common types of cancer:

Hint: LL-PBH

  1. Lung.
  2. Leukaemia.
  3. Prostate.
  4. Breast.
  5. Haematological disorders.
36
Q

Name the 3 most common types of chronic respiratory diseases:

Hint: ABC

1.
2.
3.

A

Name the 3 most common types of chronic respiratory diseases:

Hint: ABC

  1. Asthma
  2. Bronchiectasis
  3. Cystic fibrosis
37
Q

Name the 2 most common types of chronic gastrointestinal diseases:

1.
2.

A

Name the 2 most common types of chronic gastrointestinal diseases:

  1. Inflammatory bowel disorder.
  2. Irritable bowel syndrome.
38
Q

Name the 2 most common types of chronic eye condition:

Hint: D G

1.
2.

A

Name the 2 most common types of chronic eye condition:

Hint: D G

  1. Dry eye syndrome.
  2. Glaucoma.
39
Q

Name the 2 most common types of chronic endocrine disorder:

Hint: D T

1.
2.

A

Name the 2 most common types of chronic endocrine disorder:

Hint: D T

  1. Diabetes mellitus.
  2. Thyroid disorder.
40
Q

Name the 2 most common types of chronic blood/clotting disease:

Hint: D H

1.
2.

A

Name the 2 most common types of chronic blood/clotting disease:

Hint: D H

  1. Deep Vein Thrombosis
  2. Haemophilia
41
Q

As of 2014, what are the number of deaths attributable to chronic disease?

A

2,626,418

42
Q

As of 2014, what is the death rate per 100,000 of the population attributable to chronic disease?

A

823.7

43
Q

As of 2014, what is the average life expectancy of someone with a chronic disease?

A

78.8 yrs old.

44
Q

As of 2014, what is the infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births attributable to chronic disease?

A

5.82

45
Q

What are the top 10 leading causes of death, in order of most to least?

  1. H-d
  2. C
  3. C-l-r-d
  4. A
  5. S (c-d)
  6. A
  7. D
  8. I & P
  9. N-Ns-N
  10. I-s-h
A

What are the top 10 leading causes of death, in order of most to least?

  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Chronic lower respiratory disease
  4. Accidents
  5. Stroke (cerebrovascular disease)
  6. Alzheimer’s
  7. Diabetes
  8. Influenza & Pneumonia
  9. Nephritis, Nephrotic synrome & Nephrosis
  10. Intentional self harm
46
Q

Some disorders require relatively minor changes/medical regimens to a patients life, such as:

Hint: AI

1.
2.

A

Some disorders require relatively minor changes/medical regimens to a patients life, such as:

Hint: AI

  1. Asthma
  2. Irritable bowel syndrome
47
Q

Some disorders require very strict medical adherence with large behavioural changes to a patients life, such as:

Hint: CD

1.
2.

A

Some disorders require very strict medical adherence with large behavioural changes to a patients life, such as:

Hint: CD

  1. Cancer
  2. Diabetes
48
Q

Impact & adjustment

The initial impact is typically:

(Hint: LADS)

  3. 4.
A

Impact & adjustment

The initial impact is typically:

(Hint: LADS)

  1. Loss/grief
  2. Anxiety & depression
  3. Denial
  4. Shock
49
Q

Impact & adjustment

Patients must adjust to:

  1. _________ of disease.
  2. Stress of _________.
  3. Feelings of ___________.
  4. Loss of ______.
  5. Threat to ___-_______.
  6. _______ concerns.
  7. Changes in _____ structure.
  8. Changes in ________.
A

Impact & adjustment

Patients must adjust to:

  1. Symptoms of disease.
  2. Stress of treatment.
  3. Feelings of vulnerability.
  4. Loss of control.
  5. Threat to self-esteem.
  6. Financial concerns.
  7. Changes in family structure.
  8. Changes in employment.
50
Q

Comorbidities are when:

A

2+ coexisting medical conditions/disease processes on top of an original diagnosis.

51
Q

According to:
Caughey et al., 2008
Garcia-Olmos et al., 2013
Islam et al., 2014

What percentage of people experience 2+ chronic medical conditions?

A

20-80%

52
Q

What the 4 most common psychological comorbidities of living with a chronic medical condition?

Hint: SAAD

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

What the 4 most common psychological comorbidities of living with a chronic medical condition?

Hint: SAAD

  1. Stress.
  2. Anger.
  3. Anxiety.
  4. Depression.
53
Q

What the 4 most common physical comorbidities of living with a chronic medical condition?

Hint: CHID

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

What the 4 most common physical comorbidities of living with a chronic medical condition?

Hint: CHID

  1. Cardiovascular disease.
  2. Hypertension.
  3. Insomnia.
  4. Diabetes.
54
Q

Who proposed the 3 types of coping strategies for chronic illness and when?

Hint: It was 2 people.

A

Who proposed the 3 types of coping strategies for chronic illness and when?

Hint: It was 2 people.

Folkman et al. (1980)

Lazarus et al. (1985)

55
Q

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), what are the 3 types of coping strategies for chronic illness?

Hint: PES

1.
2.
3.

A

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), what are the 3 types of coping strategies for chronic illness?

Hint: PES

  1. Problem-focused coping.
  2. Emotion-focused coping.
  3. Seeking social support.
56
Q

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), problem-focused coping attempts to confront or directly deal with the problem, such as by:

Hint: CLAP

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), problem-focused coping attempts to confront or directly deal with the problem, such as:

Hint: CLAP

  1. Considering alternative options.
  2. Learning new skills.
  3. Acquiring information.
  4. Planning.
57
Q

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), emotion-focused coping attempts to manage the emotional responses of a situation, such as by:

Hint: PADD

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), emotion-focused coping attempts to manage the emotional responses of a situation, such as by:

Hint: PADD

  1. Positive reinterpretation.
  2. Acceptance.
  3. Denial.
  4. Drugs or alcohol.
58
Q

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), seeking social support involves turning to others for assistance & emotional support, in forms of:

Hint: HEP

1.
2.
3.

A

According to Folkman et al. (1980), and Lazarus et al. (1985), seeking social support involves turning to others for assistance & emotional support, in forms of:

Hint: HEP

  1. Help & guidance.
  2. Emotional support.
  3. Practical aid.
59
Q

Coping strategies are a set of strategies available to be implemented in different situations, they are NOT:

A

Coping strategies are a set of strategies available to be implemented in different situations, they are NOT:

a personality trait or style that remains constant across situations.

60
Q

The effectiveness of matching a coping strategy to a situation’s level of controllability is called the:

A

Goodness of Fit Hypothesis

61
Q

According to the Goodness of Fit Hypothesis, what type of coping strategy is more adaptive in controllable/solvable situations?

A

problem-focused coping

62
Q

According to the Goodness of Fit Hypothesis, what type of coping strategy is more adaptive in uncontrollable situations?

A

emotion-focused coping

63
Q

According to the Goodness of Fit Hypothesis, what coping strategies are used together in most situations?

A

emotion + problem-focused coping strategies

64
Q

Coping strategies

Goodness of Fit Hypothesis

What were the 2 main findings of Schmitz & Crystal (2000)?

1.

2.

A

Coping strategies

Goodness of Fit Hypothesis

What were the 2 main findings of Schmitz & Crystal (2000)?

  1. No consistent evidence of significant correlation.
  2. An increase in one coping strategy does not imply a decrease in another.
65
Q

Strategies aimed at handling illness directly, such as carrying on regardless of symptoms or associated disabilities, are known as:

A

active coping strategies.

66
Q

Strategies aimed at giving control of illness management to another person, are known as:

A

passive coping strategies.

67
Q

What impact on quality of life do passive coping strategies have on chronic illness patients?

A

Reduces functioning as a result of symptoms/associated disabilities.

68
Q

What does health psychology focus on?

1.
2.

A
  1. How people cope and manage illness.

2. Health behaviours.

69
Q

What are the 4 goals of health psychology?

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Understand psychological factors implicated in health and fitness.
  2. Promote and maintain health.
  3. Prevention, treatment and management of illness.
  4. Improve healthcare systems and health policy.

Psycho-oncology & Pain Research (12 decks)

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