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Physiology I Test I > part 5 > Flashcards

part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Congestive heart failur is also considered to be a form of what?

A

A decompenstaed heart.

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2
Q

What type of condition is congestive heart failure?

A

chronic condition.

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3
Q

What are the physciological findings of congestive heart failure?

A

Failure of the law of the heart. More blood in does not give us more blood out anymore.

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4
Q

Where will blood backup into with congestive heart failure?

A

commonly in lungs and periphery like the ankels, and feet.

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5
Q

People with congenstive heart failure get fatigued due to what?

A

decreased cardioac output.

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6
Q

what is CAD?

A

Coronary artery disease.

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7
Q

What is CAD a major source for?

A

Congestive heart failure.

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8
Q

What is A-V heart block due to?

A

An arrhythmia due to a blockage in the electrical conduction system.

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9
Q

What are the subtypes of A-V heart block?

A

1st degree- mild interruptions, second degree- moderate interruption, third degree- severe interruption/disruption.

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10
Q

How common are the different types of A-V heart block, and what symptoms will they have?

A

First degree is common and symptom free. Second degree is less common and causes irregular heart beats, thrid degree is a complete disruption and results in cardiac output problems.

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11
Q

What are the laboratory findings for A-V heart block?

A

Abnormal ECG.

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12
Q

How will all heart cell contractions originate?

A

With a myocyte action potential.

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13
Q

Since each cardiac cell has its own unique action potential that allows them to spontaneously depolarize and impulse and then propagate this to the neighboring cells how will the heart not get out of control?

A

It has a wiring system called the conduction system.

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14
Q

What makes cardiac conduction system cells different from cardiac muscle cells?

A

They lost ability to contract a lot, but can conduct depolarization impulses rapidly.

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15
Q

What region of cardiac muscle cells is fastest to recycle (have a short refractory period)?

A

SA node.

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16
Q

Because the SA node is fastest at recycling what will it be able to do?

A

It usually leads the pack and is known as the pacemaker because it produces a sinus rhythm.

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17
Q

What else besides the SA node can become the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Any patch of cardiac tissue that fires faster than the SA node.

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18
Q

Why will cardiac muscle cells usually not mis-fire (impulsing before the SA node)?

A

They have a longer refractory period.

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19
Q

What happens when the SA node is stretched?

A

It tends to fire faster and increase the heart rate.

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20
Q

Will contraction impulses spread faster across the atria or ventricles?

A

Faster across the atria.

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21
Q

What will the fibrous skeleton do with the electrical impulses?

A

It will prevent it from leaking into ventricles except at the AV node.

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22
Q

What will the AV node do to the impulse propagation?

A

It holds it up for 1/10th of a second.

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23
Q

Why is the impulse delayed at the av nodes?

A

it allows the atria to have enough time to physically contract before ventricles contract allows them to be topped off.

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24
Q

Besides creating a pause in the impulse propagation what will the AV node do to the electrical impulse?

A

It wont allow it to go backwards a one way street.

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25
Q

What will the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation do to the SA and AV nodes?

A

Paraympathetic- hyperpolarizes the SA and AV nodes, Sympathetic- hypo-polarizes the nodes.

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26
Q

What is the electrocardiogram?

A

a display from a supersensitive voltmeter called and electrocadiograph.

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27
Q

What will an electrocardiogram represent?

A

a collective voltage of thousands of cells.

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28
Q

What will the ECG’s P wave correspond to?

A

atrial depolarization.

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29
Q

What will the ECG’s QRS complex correspond to?

A

Ventricular depolarization.

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30
Q

What will the ECG’s T wave correspond to?

A

Ventricular repolarization.

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31
Q

What will the Q wave from the QRS complex correspond to?

A

Depolarization of the emerging bundle of AV nodes.

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32
Q

What will ther R wave from the QRS complex correspond to?

A

Rapid depolarizatoin of the ventricles.

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33
Q

What will the S wave from the QRS complex correspond to?

A

rapid reversal of the impulse directoin at apex and now towards the base.

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34
Q

The QRS complex happens real fast and what will it mean if it is not smooth or slow?

A

indication of a serious problem in the ventricles.

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35
Q

What is the flat line on the ECG called?

A

A segment.

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36
Q

What is a combination of waves or wave segment on an ECG?

A

Interval.

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37
Q

What is the PR segment of an ECG due to?

A

AV nodal slowdown.

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38
Q

What is the ST segment of an ECG due to?

A

IT is during the absoluted refractory period.

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39
Q

Why would the ST segment be examined?

A

To see if there is serious problems in the muscle cells of the ventricles.

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40
Q

How did the pr segment get its name?

A

Beacuse this happens when the Q wave is absent.

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41
Q

What is the PR segment showing?

A

A long delay in the AV node that indicate some sort of electrical system blockage between atria and ventricals.

42
Q

What is an interesting use of an ECG?

A

To calculate the direction of specific voltage directions.

43
Q

What is it called when we plot the direction of electrical current flows in the heart?

A

Vectorcardiography.

44
Q

How can one synthesize a mean QRS vector? This is AKA?

A

By summating the QRS voltage. AKA electrical axis of the ventricles.

45
Q

What is the average location of the electrical impulse?

A

60 degrees going from the subjects left arm.

46
Q

What will changes in the vector of the electrial axis of the ventricles show?

A

Changes/ damage to the ventricles.

47
Q

What is the normal range of the QRS vector? What will a shift out of this range be termed?

A

-10 degrees to 100 degrees. known as axis deviation

48
Q

What is an ECG Lead?

A

The specific location of the volt-meter electrodes on the subject not the electrodes themselves.

49
Q

Why are there so many different ECG leads?

A

So we can get different views of the heart.

50
Q

What is the key purpose of the conduction system?

A

TO create a synchrony.

51
Q

What is asnchronous contractions called?

A

Arrhythmia.

52
Q

What are 4 different ways in which an arrhythmia can occur?

A
  1. Abnormal rhythmicity of the pacemaker itself. 2. Blocks in the conducting system. 3. Abnormal impulse pathways. 4. Spontaneous generation of spurious impulses in the heart.
53
Q

What 2 things can cause tachycardia?

A
  1. Increased body temperature. 2. Sympathetic stimulaton of the heart.
54
Q

How many beats per minute will the heart increase with a body temperature increase of 1 degree F? And what is the limit on this?

A

10 BPM increase per 1 degree F and this only goes up to 105 Degrees F.

55
Q

What 3 things will make the sympathetic system increase the Heart beat?

A
  1. Exercise. 2. Reflex acton due to decreased Cardiac output. 3. Thoughts= anxiety, excitement.
56
Q

Bradycardia is usually due to what?

A

Athletic conditioning.

57
Q

When will bradycardia be abnormal?

A

When we have a decreased resting heart rate due to parasympathetic stimulation that is a result of pressure sensors in the neck that have become compressed.

58
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia due to? What will it cause?

A

Ventilation when we inhale it increases the heart rate and when we exhale it decreases heart rate. It causes chages in sympathetic and parasympathetic signals.

59
Q

What is a atrioventricular block?

A

a disturbance in the conduction impulses from the atria to the Ventricles.

60
Q

An atrioventricular block is often due to what?

A

Ishemia of the AV node.

61
Q

Name 3 subtypes of atrioventricular block and what they are like?

A

1st degree- minor lengthening of the PR interval. 2nd degree- a serious lengthening of the PR interval, and occasionaly missing a beat in the ventricles. 3rd degree- Ventricular escape

62
Q

What is an intraventricular block?

A

The same as an artrioventricular block, but in the purkinje system which gives an abnormal QRS interval.

63
Q

What is ectopic mean?

A

Out of place.

64
Q

What is ectopic foci?

A

An electrical event out of proper location.

65
Q

What are 2 types of ectopic foci?

A
  1. Premature contraction. 2. Fibrillation
66
Q

A premature contraction is often termed as what?

A

An extrasystole or premature beat or ectopic beat.

67
Q

What are 2 types of premature contractions and how serious are they?

A
  1. Atria- harmless. 2. Ventricle- can be deadly.
68
Q

What causes a premature contracion?

A

hyper-excitablity of myocardial tissue and it will depolarize at the wrong time.

69
Q

What are 2 ways myocardial tissues can depolarize at the wrong time?

A
  1. Over-use of stimulants and lack of sleep. 2. Local ischemia.
70
Q

How will local ischemia cause premature contractions?

A

It will not have the oxygen to make the atp that is needed to run pumps and maintain the membrane potential.

71
Q

What can premature contractions lead to?

A

an abnormal impulse pathway like a electrical chaos.

72
Q

What is Fibrillation?

A

When electrical chaos will have impulses spread and split and re-enter areas.

73
Q

What will atria and ventricular fibrillation lead to?

A

Atria- tolerable, but not good for the atria. Ventricles- Deadly within 2-3 minutes.

74
Q

Why will ventricular fibrillation be deadly within 2-3 minutes?

A

It will give no true contraction so no ejection of blood.

75
Q

Name 2 ways fibrillation starts?

A
  1. Electrical shock. 2. Myocardial ischemia (most common cause).
76
Q

What is Impulse re-entery mechanism?

A

impulse goes around and the cells are past the refractory period when the impulse gets back and so they impulse again and this can get out of control.

77
Q

What will cause impulse re-entery?

A

slow impulse conduction, or long impulse paths.

78
Q

What is defibrillation?

A

A technique to interrupt ventricular fibrillation by applying a large electrical shock, and after the full depolarization the hope is that the SA node will impulse first and bring the heart out of fibrillation.

79
Q

When is fibrillation done intentionaly?

A

During surgeries to keep the heart still.

80
Q

How long after ventricular fibrilation will defibrillation need to occur to stop fibrillation?

A

1 minute or heart is too weak unless cpr has been done to help minimize damage to the heart prior to defibrillation.

81
Q

What is A-V heart block?

A

an arrhytmia due to a blockage in the electrical system of the heart.

82
Q

What are 2 causes of A-V heart block?

A
  1. Coronary artery disease. 2. Inflammation of nodal tissue.
83
Q

What are the treatments for A-V heart block?

A

mediaction for mild cases and a pacemaker for severe cases.

84
Q

Renal artery stenosis is a disorder of what?

A

Vascular occlusion in the kidneys.

85
Q

What are 2 clinicl features of renal artery stenosis?

A
  1. Hypertension. 2. Abdominal bruit (a noise).
86
Q

What type of people are associated with renal artery stenosis?

A

Obesity, tobacco, retinopathy (disease of the retina)

87
Q

People with renal artery stenosis when scaned show what?

A

A narrowing of the renal artery that decreases flow into kidneys by 70 % or higher.

88
Q

What happens to a kidney that has a decreased blood flow from renal artery stenosis?

A

It shrinks

89
Q

What is one of the most important negative feedback loops in the entire body?

A

The control of blood pressure.

90
Q

What is it called when we compress a fluid in a finite container?

A

Fluid pressure.

91
Q

Blood pressure is high in the left ventricle and in the aorta and the large vessels and the pressure does what?

A

it pulsates

92
Q

What happens to blood pressure as it gets into the arterioles?

A

It starts to dampen out so it wont pulsate as much.

93
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Take systolic blood pressure and subtract the diastolic blood pressure from it. This is usually 40 mm hg

94
Q

when will pulsatile pressure be gone normaly?

A

In the capillaries.

95
Q

What helps arteries dampen the pulsatile pressure?

A

The elastin in the large vessels.

96
Q

When we measure blood pressure in clinics what type of blood pressure are we measuring?

A

Systemic arterial blood pressure.

97
Q

What is the average blood pressure in the larger arteries?

A

100 mm Hg

98
Q

What is augmentation?

A

it is due to pulse reflection in the arterial tree causing a summation of pulse waves.

99
Q

What may augmentation correlate to?

A

An aneurysm in large arteries

100
Q

Is resistance in large or small arteries high or low?

A

Large arteries it is low. Small arteries it is high.

Physiology I Test I (8 decks)

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