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Physiology I Test I > part 3 > Flashcards

part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How will the chemical stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cause a contraction or vasoconstriction?

A

The chemicals traveling from far or near will use the standard signal transduction pathway to increase intracellular ca2+ and elicit contraction.

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2
Q

Name the chemicals that are given that will cause vascular smooth muscle to contract?

A

norepineprine angiotensin II Vasopressin, Endothelin-1 Serotonin thromboxane a2

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3
Q

How will chemical stimulation cause vascular smooth muscle to relax or to vasodialate?

A

They cause a relaxation by inhibiting the contractile machinery.

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4
Q

Name the given chemicals that will chemicaly stimulate vascular blood vessels to vasodialate?

A

Nitric oxide prostacyclin local metabolites.

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5
Q

What will vascular smooth muscle need to respond to chemical stimulations?

A

Receptors or nothing will happen.

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6
Q

What are adrenergic receptors used to bind?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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7
Q

What specific adrenergic receptor is sensitive to norepinephrine? This receptor is released from what?This reaction will cause what?

A

alpha1 receptor axons of sympathetic fibers vasoconstriction

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8
Q

What will Beta2 receptors cause?

A

Vasodilation

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9
Q

What is an alpha blockade?

A

it uses alpha adrenergic blockers that are specific to alpha1 receptors to manage blood pressure in hypertensive patients this causes widespread vasodilation.

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10
Q

What will endothelin-1 receptors and Angiotensin-2 receptors cause to happen when they get the proper chemical stimulant?

A

They cause vasoconstriction.

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11
Q

What chemical is cholinergic receptors sensitive to? What will this cause.?

A

acetylcholine causes vasodilation

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12
Q

Are the same receptors in different areas of the body equally receptive?

A

no cerebral vascular smooth muscle is not nearly as responsive as GI vascular smooth muscle.

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13
Q

Nitric oxide is secreted due to shear forces of the arterial walls and how else?

A

It is released by endothelial cells after shear force is excerted on them and when endothelial cells have hormones and paracrine compounds stiumlate them. Both ways nitric oxide is released and causes vasodiliation.

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14
Q

How will nitric oxide cause vasodiliation?

A

It acts as a paracrine agent and causes intracellular levels of ca2+ to drop.

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15
Q

How will prostacyclin specifically effect vascular smooth muscles?

A

When signaled to do so by blood borne agents endothelial cells will release prostacyclin(a hormone and paracrine agent) and this causes vasodilation working through the G-protein singal transduction system.

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16
Q

What is a vascular spasm?

A

A rapid and profound vasoconstriciton with endothelial injury. When the endothlia is damaged it loses it’s ability to secrete nitric oxide and loses its ability to balance diameter and the diameter shifts towards vasoconstriction.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of nitroglycerin & amyl nitrite when talking about vascular vessels?

A

It is an organic nitrate drug that can cause profound vasodilation. They just serve as an extra source of nitric oxide. Used with chest pain to allow vasodilation and let more blood flow to the heart.

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18
Q

What will the production of H+ and co2 made in tissue cause to happen in vascular vessles?

A

It inhibits the ability of vascular smooth muscle to contract and this induces a local vasodilation.

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19
Q

What are the 2 broad sources of chemical agents that effect vascular smooth muscle?

A

Intrinsic- local control Extrinsic- Humoral or nervous control.

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20
Q

Generally intrinsic control causes what? Generally extrinsic control causes what?

A

Intrinsic- vasodilation Extrinsic- Vasoconstriction

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21
Q

Which control intrinsic or extrinsic is more rapid and more important?

A

Intrinsic

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22
Q

Intrinsic control usually comes from where?

A

Local paracrine agents from tissue.

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23
Q

When is the extrinsic control most important?

A

During critical periods.

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24
Q

What makes extrinsic control more potent?

A

Receptors Non essential tissues can have lots of receptors and be very vasoconstricted Under these circumstances extrinsic control cna overide intrinsic control.

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25
Q

Increased metabolism will do what to blood flow?

A

Increase it.

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26
Q

Decreased metabolism will do what to blood flow?

A

Decrease it.

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27
Q

Why will increased metabolism increase blood flow?

A

due to the production of tissue metabolites (waste) that needs to be removed. NOT due to oxygen demand.

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28
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow from activity/metablism.

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29
Q

With increased blood flow the tissue produces a reddening color called what?

A

Rubor.

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30
Q

What is the major metabolic waste from tissues or cells?

A

H+ This comes from co2 + h2o–> h2co3- + H+ so co2 is part of this process and is also a metablic waste.

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31
Q

Besides H+ and Co2 what are some metabolic waste from tissues or cells?

A

Adenosine Potassium ion Lactic acid

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32
Q

What is the primary control for setting tissue blood flow in the body and what is it like?

A

Local control and it is automatic and tissue centered.

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33
Q

Since all tissues are crying out I want blood, but they all cant get what they want and some become deprived of nutrients and this is called?

A

Ischemia.

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34
Q

When tissues are ischemic they are not getting enough blood and are deprived of oxygen and accumulate deoxygenated blood and get a blue color called?

A

Cyanosis.

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35
Q

Ischemia will produce what in affected tissues?

A

Pain.

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36
Q

Since automatic control of blood flow could lead to chaos how will body wide order be controled?

A

Nervous control.

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37
Q

What is bradykinin?

A

Damaged blood that causes vasodilation.

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38
Q

What type of chemical stimulant is histamine on vascular vessels? Where will it come from?

A

vasodilation comes from mast cells.

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39
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

After a tissue is ischemic it has had no blood for a while and when blood is restored blood will flow there in a massive way that nearly matches the amount of blood that would have been delivered there the whole time it is blocked. Lots of blood will flow here until complete restoration of oxygen levels and all metabolites are gone.

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40
Q

Extrinsic control of the vascular sytem involves what?

A

The Central nervous system.

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41
Q

What type of axons innervate vascular smooth muscle?

A

Autonomic axons.

42
Q

where do the autonomic axons come from that innervate the vascular smooth muscle?

A

The spinal sympathetic chain.

43
Q

the axons that terminate on vascular smooth muscle will secrete what? what will it do?

A

They Secrete norepinephrine that lands on alpha1 adrenergic receptors and cause vasoconstriction.

44
Q

what is vasomotor tone?

A

A steady low-level activity of autonomic nerves that produces a background tone(a vasoconstiction tone) in the peripheral vasculature.

45
Q

How will most systemic blood vessels get innervated?

A

By spinal sympathetic chain axons NOT paraysmpathetic innervation.

46
Q

Overall what effect will the autonomic nervous system have on blood vessels, blood pressure, and blood volume?

A

Blood vessels will vasoconstrict Blood pressure will rise Blood volume available to be used will increase, but actual volume remains the same.

47
Q

Name another type of extrinsic control of vasculature besides autonomic control?

A

Hormonal systems.

48
Q

where is the adrenal medulla found at and what will it do?

A

it is located above the kidneys. It is an extrinsic control of vasculature.

49
Q

what will the adrenal medulla release and what will this do?

A

Epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20% This will cause vasoconstriction.

50
Q

What will cause the adrenal medulla to release it’s hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)?

A

Sympathetic nervous system axons that originally are in the medulla of the brain.

51
Q

After the adrenal medulla relase epinephrine and norepinephrine where will it go?

A

It goes to alpha1 adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle and this causes vasoconstriction.

52
Q

When wil the adrenal medulla release it’s hormones?

A

After sympathetic nervous system tells it to, and this is probably a steady background release rate.

53
Q

How fast and how powerful are the hormones released by the adrenal medulla on vasculature smooth muscle?

A

It is powerful, but slow.

54
Q

How is the kidney involved in extrinsic control of the vascular smooth muscle?

A

The renal cortex relases renin.

55
Q

What will renin released from the renal cortex do?

A

It causes the formation of angiotensin II.

56
Q

What will angiotensin II do?

A

It will go to angiotensin II receptors on vascular smooth muscle and causes endothelin-1 production to result in vasoconstriction.

57
Q

When will the renal cortex release renin?

A

This is probably a steady background release rate .

58
Q

How powerful and how quick is the effect of renin on the vascular smooth muscle?

A

It is powerful and slow.

59
Q

What will the posterior pituitary gland do to effect vascular smooth muscle?

A

It will release vasopressin.

60
Q

What will vasopressin do?

A

It effects blood vessels and renal collecting ducts.

61
Q

Where will vasopressin go?

A

It goes to vasopressin receptors at many locations.

62
Q

How will vasopressin effect vascular smooth muscle and how will it effect collecting ducts of the kidneys?

A

It will cause vasoconstricion of the vascular smooth muscle. It will cause more aquaporins in cells and this results in retention of water.

63
Q

When will the posterior pituitary gland release vasopressin?

A

This is also a steady background release rate.

64
Q

How powerful and how fast are the effects of vasopressin?

A

Powerful and slow.

65
Q

How will hormones effect the extrinsic control of blood vessels, blood pressure, and available blood volume?

A

Blood vessels will vasoconstrict Blood pressure will go up available blood volume will increase.

66
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

Dermal inflammation due to exposure to an irritant or allergent.

67
Q

How will harsh chemicals cause irritation?

A

They cause local mast cell degranulatoin.

68
Q

How will allergents cause contact dermatitis?

A

Langerhans cells of the epidermis alert the rest of the immune system and the sensitization process begins.

69
Q

In all cases of contact dermatitis what is released?

A

Histamine

70
Q

What will histamine do to the arteriols and the capillaries?

A

It will promote vasodilation and capillaries will be leaky.

71
Q

How long after contact to irritant in contact dermatitis until the skin becomes itchy and red? Why?

A

minutes, because histamine must change vessels and it takes a short while to leak enough fluid out to accumulate faster than it can be removed.

72
Q

Congestive heart failure is a condition wherein what happens?

A

The heart fails to adequately pump blood.

73
Q

How long will it usually take to develop congestive heart failure?

A

It is a gradual disease.

74
Q

What are 2 subforms of congestive heart failure?

A

systolic and diastolic.

75
Q

How common is congestive heart failure?

A

Common in older people. over 50 -1% over 75 -5%

76
Q

Name 3 clinical findings of congestive heart failure?

A
  1. Dyspnea= A breathing Hunger. 2. peripheral edema= swelling in peripheral 3. fatigue
77
Q

What are 2 laboratory findings in congestive heart failure?

A
  1. Enlarged heart 2. Low ejection fraction
78
Q

what are cardiac muscle cells like?

A

Small striated muscle cells anchored by intercalated disks.

79
Q

What will intercalated disks act as?

A

A point of low electrical resistance.

80
Q

What is functional syncytium?

A

Allowing the impulse/ action potential to propagate from cell to cell.

81
Q

The heart is a demanding tissue that requires what?

A

An extensive capillary density within its endomysium to deliver a steady supply of oxygen.

82
Q

What will happen to the cardiac muscle cells with even a slight reduction of oxygen?

A

Ishcemia, and cells will not be able to maintain its polarized state and will reach its action potential causing it to fire this will cause other cells to fire due to syncytium. Then everything fires out of control.

83
Q

What happens to heart cells when they die?

A

They can’t regenerate.

84
Q

Can cardiac cells grow?

A

They can’t regenerate or reproduce, but they can hypertrophy.

85
Q

What are purkinje cells of the heart?

A

Special cells that have abandoned much of their myofiberillar appartus for rapid impulse conduction/propagation. They help get the depolarization stimulus everywhere at the right time.

86
Q

What is the action potential of cariac cells like?

A

The action potential is very long (not the contraction, but the action potential)

87
Q

When will a contraction of cardiac muscle occur in relationship to the action potential?

A

It comes shortly after depolarization not right away.

88
Q

What are the 3 phases of cardiac muscle action potential?

A
  1. Depolarization 2. Plateau 3. Repolarization.
89
Q

How will cardiac muscle depolarization occur?

A

Rapid influx of na+ voltage gates that open Ca2+ channels.

90
Q

What is the caridac muscle like during the plateau of an action potential?

A

cells are resistant to stimulation and can’t contract called ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD.

91
Q

What is the repolarization phase of the cardiac muscle action potential like?

A

K+ is relocated to the interior and the cells are in a RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD.

92
Q

what is the end ot the relative refractory period called? And what is it like.

A

Supranormal excitability period. Where stimulation easily causes another depolarization.

93
Q

What is digoxin?

A

A poison from foxglove leaves that binds sodium/potassium exchange pumps in cardiac muscles and inhibits them this leads to intracellular levels of na2+ increasing and the ca2+ levels will increase and the heart will have a stronger beat and can cause congestive heart failure.

94
Q

What will happen to a cardiac muscle cell when the cell is lengthened during the relaxation?

A

It tends to produce a stronger contraction in the next cycle.

95
Q

What type of stess is the heart responsive to?

A

Chronic stress.

96
Q

What will chronic stress do to the heart?

A

Cause it to work harder and this leads to very serious hypertrophy.

97
Q

Is the action potential of all cardiac muscle cells the same?

A

No it is variable.

98
Q

What is the time like that sino-atrial nodal cardiac muscle cells spend depolarizing and repolarizing?

A

THey are slow to depolarize(send contraction) and quick to repolarize(get ready to contract).

99
Q

What will regular cardiac muscle cells do/show before repolarization?

A

They have a broad plateau phase.

100
Q

Why will different cardiac muscle cells have variable action potentials?

A

Due to different inoic gating systems.

Physiology I Test I (8 decks)

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