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Physiology I Test I > part 1 > Flashcards

part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of living function.

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2
Q

About how many cell do humans have?

A

75 Trillion

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3
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of constant conditions within the body.

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4
Q

What does it mean to function as an automaton?

A

The vast Majority of operations are carried out by automatic control systems.

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5
Q

Physiology sometimes is thought of as the study of _______ systems.

A

Control

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6
Q

What is the more typical approach to control systems?

A

Negative feedback

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7
Q

Negative feedback involves what type of a response?

A

Negative

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8
Q

The negative feedback consists of what?

A

A sensor and an output system.

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9
Q

Negative feedback is like what system in a house?

A

The furnace. It is an on/off system

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10
Q

Homeostasis is a _____ balanced state of self-regulation.

A

Dynamically

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11
Q

For negative feedback the degree of effectiveness of the control is a function of what?

A

The “Gain” of the feedback system.

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12
Q

Negative feedback system leads to what?

A

Homeostatic stability.

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13
Q

How common is positive feedback and it leads to what?

A

Uncommon and leads to instability.

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14
Q

Positive feedback involves what type of response?

A

In the Positive or same direction.

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15
Q

Positive feedback leads to what?

A

a vicious cycle that circles until death.

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16
Q

When is positive feedback helpful?

A

in short-term situations like blood clotting and action potentials.

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17
Q

What does thrombocytopenia mean?

A

Low levels of platelets.

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18
Q

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura is what type of disorder?

A

One of decreased platelet numbers. normal platelet numbers 200,000-400,000 down to 50,000 or less.

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19
Q

what are the 2 versions of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

Childhood version that seems to self-resolve Adult version needs ongoing therapy.

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20
Q

What are the signs of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

easy bleeding micro-bleeds easy brusing nosebleeds

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21
Q

What are the laboratory findings of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

Prolonged bleeding times anemia may develop deficient clot retraction.

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22
Q

What type of fluid is blood?

A

A transportation fluid.

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23
Q

What color is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

oxygenated = brighter red deoxygenated = darker red

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24
Q

What is the specific gravity of blood?

A

1.050 g/ml

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25
Q

What is the ph and temperature of blood?

A

ph= 7.4 temp = 37 c or 98.6 f

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26
Q

How much more viscous is blood than water?

A

3-5 times more.

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27
Q

How much blood does the average person have?

A

5 liters 7.75% of body weight.

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28
Q

What % of blood is Plasma, WBC with platelets, and RBC?

A

Plasma= 55% WBC with platelets= very little RBC= 45 %

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29
Q

What is the thin veneer in the middle of a test tube of seperated blood called and made of?

A

Buffy coat made of Leukocytes and platelets.

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30
Q

The erythrocytes make up 45 % of the blood in a test tube and the volume of rbc in blood is known as?

A

Hematocrit

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31
Q

What are the specific values for Hematocrit?

A

5,000,000 +- 500,000 per mm3

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32
Q

A decreased hematocrit is indicative of what?

A

Anemia

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33
Q

You are considered anemic with a hematocrit count of how low?

A

4 million of lower

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34
Q

An increased hematocrit is indicative of what?

A

Polycythemia.

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35
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

A high amount of RBC.

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36
Q

What is the hematocrit count for polycythemia?

A

6 million or more.

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37
Q

Extreme polycythemia can result in what?

A

An interrupted blood flow to microvasculature.

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38
Q

Each RBC is packed with what, and what will it do?

A

Hemoglobin carries o2

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39
Q

How much hemoglobin is contained in 100 ml of blood?

A

15 grams

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40
Q

Each RBC contains how much hemoglobin?

A

250 million

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41
Q

How much o2 can each rbc carry?

A

about 1 billion.

42
Q

How many liters of o2 are found in the entire blood?

A

1 liter.

43
Q

Total RBC numbers is a function of what?

A

Oxygen Content.

44
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Making of RBC in Bone marrow.

45
Q

What controls the amount of RBC made?

A

A hormone called Erythropoietin aka epo

46
Q

Where is erythropoietin primarily produced at?

A

Kidneys.

47
Q

When will erythropoietin be made?

A

When blood oxygen is low the oxygen in the kidneys will be low and this signals the kidneys to make more erythropoitin.

48
Q

Erythropoietin is an example of what type of feedback to maintain homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback.

49
Q

What is physiologic polycythemia?

A

An increase in RBC in people who live in high altitudes.

50
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

It is a protein made of amino acids and Iron.

51
Q

What is needed to make erythropoietin?

A

Vitamin b12 and folic acid.

52
Q

How long will RBC last in the blood?

A

120 days.

53
Q

Without centrifuging blood just letting the RBC seperate out from the plasma and the WBC what would this process be called?

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

54
Q

What is a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

5 mm/hour

55
Q

What would an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate mean?

A

It is elevated during infection, cases of arthritis and inflammatory diseases.

56
Q

Why will the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increase during infections?

A

Tissues release acute phase reactant proteins that stick on RBC and allow them to clump together and this increases the rate of sedimentation.

57
Q

What besides water is the major component of Plasma?

A

Plasma Proteins.

58
Q

What plasma protein helps with pressure of capillaries? And how? What is this called?

A

Albumins. The fluid will want to come inside the capillaries to establish an equillibruim with the albumins. Called Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.

59
Q

Plasma proteins are involved in what?

A

Carriers, defense, clotting/coagulation.

60
Q

Name the 3 broad groups of Plasma proteins? List them in the order of smalles to largest.

A

Albumins, Glogulins, and Fibrinogens.

61
Q

Nearly all the plasma proteins are made where?

A

In the liver.

62
Q

What Plasma proteins help as a carrier function? what will they specifically bind?

A

Albumins. Fatty acids. Globulin

63
Q

What are the 3 types of globulin?

A

alpha= a globulin Beta = b globulin gama = y globulin

64
Q

List the 3 groups of plasma proteins starting with the least commn and ending with the most common.

A

Fibrinogen, Globulins, Albumins

65
Q

Alpha a globulin does what?

A

Transports or carries: proteins, lipids (HDL), Steroid-binding proteins, and clotting factors.

66
Q

Beta B globulin does what?

A

Transports or carries: Lipids (LDL), and Iron.

67
Q

Beta B globulin carries iron as what?

A

Transferrin.

68
Q

Gama Y globulin does what?

A

it is a family of various antibodies.

69
Q

What is fibrinogens main purpose?

A

Precursor to a clot.

70
Q

clotting is a function of what?

A

plasma proteins.

71
Q

Fibrinogen is a precursor to what?

A

Fibrin.

72
Q

What is fibrin?

A

A molecule that can polymerize to form an insoluble mesh used to minimize blood loss.

73
Q

Fibrin does what to blood?

A

Coagulates it (turns from liquid to solid) aka clotting.

74
Q

What happens to Fibrinogen to make a clott?

A

Fibrinogen ———> Fibrin Monomer——–> Cross-linking fibrin Ca2+ Fibrin stabalizing and Thrombin Factor

75
Q

What does hemostasis mean?

A

Blood same. This is the ability to maintain blood volume.

76
Q

What 3 mechanisms help with hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular constriction. 2. Platelet 3. Clot formation.
77
Q

What induces vasoconstriction?

A

Trauma to a vessels wall. This trauma releases a local vasoconstrictive factor from smaller vessels like endothelin-1.

78
Q

How do platelets stimulate vasoconstriction?

A

They release thromboxane A2 and serotnin.

79
Q

What will promote platelet aggregation to help make a platelet plug?

A

Thromboxane and thrombin.

80
Q

While forming a platelet plug thrombin functions through what system?

A

IP3/DG

81
Q

Platelets are small fragments from where?

A

Bone marrow megakaryocytes.

82
Q

What do Platelets have inside of them?

A

NO nucleus, but they have various organelles. They are also covered with lots of receptors.

83
Q

What are the three processes a platelet goes throught when contacting a damaged vessel wall?

A
  1. Adherence 2. Aggregation 3. Secretion.
84
Q

What makes a platelet adhere to a damaged vessel wall?

A

Contact with damaged endothelia and contact with tissue proteins including collagen.

85
Q

Simultaneous aggregation of platelets form what?

A

A Platelet plug

86
Q

What are platelet plugs used for that clots are not?

A

Platelet plugs are useful in routine daily injuries that produce tiny holes in vessels.

87
Q

Aspirin can effect platelets how?

A

It can inhibit platelet aggregation.

88
Q

During normal hemostasis which pathway is used?

A

Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

89
Q

What are the major players in blood clotting besides factors?

A

Thrombin is the major player, but ca2+ and platelet phospholipids are also important.

90
Q

What is calcium chelation?

A

A way to keep blood from clotting in a test-tube because it removes calcium and this stalls many clotting reactions.

91
Q

What is the primary activation for the intrinsic pathway in blood clotting?

A

contact with collagen or trauma to the blood.

92
Q

What is the primary activation for the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

A

Release of tissue factors.

93
Q

How long will blood clotting take?

A

1-6 minutes.

94
Q

What makes the blood clotting system turn from positive feedback to negative feedback?

A

Anti-clotting mechanisms.

95
Q

What specifically happens to Fibrinogen to make it fibrin?

A

Clipping off parts of Fibrinogen.

96
Q

What is needed to change fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

ca2+ and thrombin.

97
Q

What is needed to make thrombin?

A

You start with prothrombin and you need ca2+ and prothrombin activator. Then you get thrombin.

98
Q

Prothrombin activator is a complex substance made of several molecules, but mostly what?

A

Factor X.

99
Q

What has to happen to factor X for it to help make Prothrombin?

A

factor X —————> Factor Xa (a signals that it is the activated form) ca2+

100
Q

What ways can prothrombin be activated?

A

Intrinsic pathway and Extrinsic pathway.

Physiology I Test I (8 decks)

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