Part 4

Question 1

Central tendon

Answer 1

Leafy aponeurosis in the intermediate region of diaphragm. When it is contracted, muscle fibers shorten, allowing lungs to expand when squeezed down.

Question 2

What are the accessory muscles of the thorax for inspiration?

Answer 2

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Levatores costraum
Serratus posterior superior

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Question 3

External intercostal muscles

Answer 3

Significant respiratory muscles for speech, found between the 12 ribs. Diagonal slanting, striated muscle.
Origin- Lower surface of each rib
Insertion- Upper surface of rib immediately below
Action- Elevates rib cage; increases cavity size

Question 4

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 4

Chondral; others are expiration.
Origin: Superior surface of ribs 2-12
Insertion: Inferior surface of ribs 1-11
Action: Elevates rib portion near the sternum (parasternal portion)

Question 5

Levatores costraum

Answer 5

Brevis and longus portions contribute to rib cage elevation. Appear to be muscles of the back, but are actually thoracic muscles.

Question 6

Brevis portion of levatores costraum

Answer 6

Origin- transverse process extension of vertebrae C7-T11
Insertion- tubercle of rib below
Action- Elevates rib cage

Question 7

Longus portion of levatores costraum

Answer 7

Origin- transverse process of T7-T11
Insertion- Bypasses the rib below the point of origin and inserts into the next rib
Action- Elevates rib cage, more so than brevis portion

Question 8

Serratus posterior superior

Answer 8

Origin- Spinous process of C7, T1-T3
Insertion- Ribs 2-5
Action- Elevates ribs 2-5 specifically

Question 9

What are the muscles of the upper arm and shoulder for inspiration?

Answer 9

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

Question 10

Pectoralis major

Answer 10

Large, fan shaped muscles that originates from 2 different heads
Origin- Sternal head & clavicle head
Insertion- Greater tubercle of humerus
Action- Elevates sternum and increases expansion of rib cage

Question 11

Pectoralis minor

Answer 11

Under pectoralis major
Origin- ribs 2-5
Insertion- Caracoid process of scapula
Action- With shoulder fixed, elevates ribs 2-5

Question 12

Serratus anterior

Answer 12

Jagged
Origin- ribs 1-9
Insertion- scapula
Action- with shoulder fixed, elevates ribs 1-9

Question 13

What are the two muscles of the neck that help with inspiration?

Answer 13

Sternocleidomastoid & Scalenes

Question 14

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 14

Provide stability and control for neck flexion and extension in addition to assisting in respiration
Origin- mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion- sternal head and clavicle
Action- elevates sternum and rib cage

Question 15

Scalenes

Answer 15

Muscles of neck that provide stability of the head and assist with facilitating rotation. Includes anterior, medial and posterior.
Origin- transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae
Insertion- ribs 1-2
Action- elevates ribs 1-2

Question 16

What are the back muscles of inspiration?

Answer 16

Levator Scapulae
Rhomboideus major
Rhomboideus minor
Trapezius

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Question 17

Levator scapulae

Answer 17

Provides neck support and helps elevate the scapula
Origin- transverse processes C1-C4
Insertion- medial border of scapula
Action- elevates the scapula

Question 18

Rhomboideus Major & Minor

Answer 18

Lie deep within the trapezius
Origin- Major spinous process of T2-5; Minor spinous process of C7-T1
Insertion- Scapula
Action- Stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Question 19

Trapezius

Answer 19

Massive muscle that makes up superficial upper back & neck- upper back triangle
Origin- Spinous processes of C2-T12
Insertion- Scapula and superior surface of clavicle
Action- Elongation of the neck, head control

Question 20

What are the muscles of expiration of thorax, back & upper limb?

Answer 20

Internal intracostal 
Transverse thoracis
Subcostals
Serratus posterior inferior
Latissimus dorsi

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Question 21

Internal intracostal

Answer 21

Interosseous portion
Origin- superior margin of each rib
Insertion- runs up and medially to insert into the inferior surface of the rib above
Action- depresses ribs 1-11

Question 22

Transverse thoracis

Answer 22

Origin- lower third of sternum
Insertion- inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6
Action- contraction decreases the volume of thoracic cavity

Question 23

Subcostals

Answer 23

Vary in number, generally course parallel to the internal intercostal muscles.
Origin- inner thorax, inner surface of rib near angle
Insertion- inner surface of 2nd or 3rd rib below
Action- depresses the thorax

Question 24

Serratus posterior inferior

Answer 24

Origin- spinous processes of T11-T12
Insertion- lower margin of lower 5 ribs
Action- pulls rib cage down

Question 25

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 25

Broad triangular muscle of lower back
Origin- lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae
Insertion- humerus
Action- stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

Question 26

What are the abdominal muscles that assist with expiration?

Answer 26

Transversus abdominous
Internal oblique abdominous
Rectus abdominis
External oblique abdominis
Quadratis lumborum

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Question 27

Abdominal aponeurosis

Answer 27

tendonous expansion across the abdomen which serves as an attachment point for muscles

Question 28

Linea alba

Answer 28

White line that runs from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

Question 29

Linea semilunaris

Answer 29

Division of the linea into 2 sheets of aponeurosis

Question 30

What are the biological functions of the abdomen?

Answer 30

Force air from lungs, vomiting, thoracic fixation

Question 31

Thoracic fixation

Answer 31

Closing off of vocal folds to allow for upper body lifting, childbirth, and defecation

Question 32

Transversus abdominous

Answer 32

Deepest layer of anterior abdominal muscles
Origin- posterior abdominal wall at vertical column
Insertion- transversus abdominis aponeurosis, inner ribs 6-12, and inferior attachment at pubis
Action- compresses the abdomen

Question 33

Internal oblique abdominis

Answer 33

Found between external oblique and transverse abdominis
Origin- Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, cartilaginous portion of lower ribs, and abdominal aponeurosis
Insertion- linea alba
Action- rotates and flexes trunk, compresses abdomen

Question 34

Rectus abdominis

Answer 34

Midline muscles on sides of linea alba made up of 3 fibrous bands that cross the stomach- gives six pack appearance
Origin- originates as 4 or 5 segments at pubic inferiorly
Insertion- xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of last true rib (7) & false ribs
Action- compresses abdomen

Question 35

External oblique abdominis

Answer 35

Most superficial and largest of ab muscles
Origin- Lower 7 ribs
Insertion- iliac crest, inguinal ligament, abdominal aponeurosis
Action- Flexes vertebral column, trunk rotation, compresses abdomen

Question 36

Quadratis lumborum

Answer 36

Dorsal portion of abdominal wall- back portion
Origin- iliac crest
Insertion- transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and inferior border of rib 12
Action- unilateral contraction=lateral movement of trunk, bilateral (both sides) contraction=abdominal compression

Question 37

Diaphragm

Answer 37

Primary muscle of inspiration- separates abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Origin- Inferior boundary of the rib cage, xiphoid process, and posterior vertebral column
Insertion- Central tendon
Action- Pulls central tendon down and forward during inspiration; lets lungs expand in vertical dimension