Part 1

Question 1

Inspiration

Answer 1

Process of bringing air into lungs for respiration

Question 2

Expiration

Answer 2

The process of eliminating air from lungs for respiration

Question 3

Boyle’s Law

Answer 3

Given a gas of constant temperature, increasing or decreasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas in contained will cause a corresponding decrease or increase in pressure
Increase volume, pressure decreases: negative pressure
Decrease volume, pressure increases: positive pressure

Question 4

What is the framework of respiration that protects the lungs?

Answer 4

Vertebral column, pelvic and pectoral girdles, and rib cage

Question 5

Vertebral Column (5 divisions)

Answer 5

Provides protection for spiral cord; consists of vertebra.

1. Cervical 7
2. Thoracic 12
3. Lumbar 5
4. Sacral 5
5. Coccygeal 4

Question 6

Intervertebral disks

Answer 6

Fibrocartilaginous disks found between vertebrae except for first two (C1 & C2). Provides support and cushion for vertebrae- 24 in body.

Question 7

Spinous process

Answer 7

Exterior portion you can feel with your hand on your back- both sides.

Question 8

Transverse process

Answer 8

Located on both sides of the vertebrae

Question 9

Corpus (body)

Answer 9

Anterior portion of the vertebrae.

Question 10

Vertebral foramen

Answer 10

Allows for the passage of the spinal cord

Question 11

Intervertebral

Answer 11

Smaller holes for spinal nerves exiting and entering the spinal cord

Question 12

Superior/Inferior Articular facets

Answer 12

Indentations that allow for articulation with other vertebrae

Question 13

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 13

Compose neck bones, 1st 2 are named Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

Question 14

Atlas

Answer 14

C1- Supports the weight of the skull, has a very small spinous process.

Question 15

Axis

Answer 15

C2- Fits into the Atlas- allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull.

Question 16

Dens/Odontoid process

Answer 16

Protrudes through vertebral facet for foramen, & helps prevent damage to spinal cord

Question 17

Transverse Ligament

Answer 17

Allows for movement of odontoid process, and helps hold together

Question 18

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 18

Larger spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae. Contains superior and inferior costal facets which are the attachment point for the ribs.

Question 19

Ribs T1, 10, 11, 12

Answer 19

Have a 1:1 arrangement- rib 1 to vertebrae 1 & so on.

Question 20

Ribs T2-9

Answer 20

Attach to the transverse costal facets as well as attach to the body (inferior costal facet) of vertebrae above it.

Question 21

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 21

Largest and strongest because they bear the most weight during lifting or walking- provides attachment points for back and ab muscles

Question 22

Sacral vertebrae

Answer 22

Fuse/ossify together to form the sacrum. Sacral foramina provide passageway for the sacral nerves.

Question 23

Coccyx

Answer 23

Beak like appearance- articulates with sacrum by means of small disk.

Question 24

Normal vertebral column

Answer 24

Straight from anterior to posterior with very slight curve to the right. Curved forward in cervical area, convex in thoracic, concave in lumbar, and convex in sacral.

Question 25

Scoliosis

Answer 25

Lateral, sharper S curve

Question 26

Kyphosis

Answer 26

Abnormal convexity in thoracic region (hunchback)

Question 27

Lordosis

Answer 27

Abnormal concavity in lumbar/cervical region (butt sticks out)

Question 28

Spinal cord injuries

Answer 28

Result of impact can cause vertebral column to undergo stresses that can tear the spinal cord- loss of motor and sensory function below the spinal cord

Question 29

Respiration

Answer 29

Exchange between an organism and it’s environment; essential to maintain equilibrium and stability.