Part 4 Flashcards
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage behavior.
Example: Canceling a quiz if students complete all assignments.
Negative Reinforcement
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Punishment
Adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce behavior.
Example: Scolding a student for talking in class.
Positive Punishment
Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior.
Example: Taking away recess for misbehavior.
Negative Punishment
builds upon classical and operant conditioning by introducing cognitive factors into learning.
Neo-behaviorism
Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
- Goal-Ditected Behavior
- Cognitive Maps
- Latent Learning
- Intervening Variable
Learning is purposeful and goal-driven rather than just stimulus-response associations.
Goal-Directed Behavior
Tolman’s experiments with rats in a maze showed that they formed mental maps to navigate, not just reflexive responses.
Cognitive Maps
Learning can occur without immediate demonstration.
Example: A student may understand a math concept but only show it when tested.
Latent Learning
Internal factors like motivation, expectations, and needs influence behavior.
Example: A hungry rat is more motivated to navigate a maze for food.
Intervening Variable
suggests that people learn behaviors by observing, imitating, and modeling others.
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
Learning occurs through watching others.
Observational Learning
People imitate behaviors they see in role models.
Modeling
Learning by seeing others rewarded or punished.
Vicarious Reinforcement
