Part 3: Management - social perspective Flashcards
environmental social sciences
Study of the interface between humans and nature (human-nature interface)
The study of the relationship between people/societies/social groups and their natural environments.
Comprehensive point of view; looking into connections and at different frameworks. + also looking into the transformations.
Both the structure (‘the system’) and the agency (people, the local groups)
political ecology
Connecting the ecological part (environmental issues and changes) with contemporary politics, economics and social factors. (Interdisciplinary field)
Critique to a mainstream apolitical analysis of environmental issues.
Power, international trade, careless human behavior, and the rapid development of capitalism.
Capitalism (supremacy of the market) in environmental regulation produces social inequalities and has lead to the environmental problems.
environmental injustice
There is an unequal and assymmetrical distribution of harmful environmental side effects on certain social groups
Southern hemisphere or vulnerable groups in the north are being excluded. Wealth gives a better position against side effects, they win more then other.
excluded: women, minorities, non-white, …
- They have to tolerate the different unsustainable human expressions
- the elite will first and foremost get the positive effects
degrowth
The only sustainable growth is degrowth
Economic and social movement that advocates for the intentional reduction of production and consumption to achieve ecological sustainability and social equity.
The continuous economic growth is unsustainable.
nature is contested
Different understandings and representations , nature is constantly in competition and struggle.;
Different values are prioritized by different actors and stakeholders.
There are different policy approaches and alternatives to address the different challenges.
neo-extractivism
A development strategy where governments, particularly in Latin America, leverage the extraction of natural resources to fund social programs and promote economic development.
Revenues from resource extraction are reinvested in social development, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure
problem: Still a high chance of overexploitation of the resources, this will inturn still negatively impact the indigenous communities.
ecosystem services
The many and varied benefits that humans gain from the natural environment and from ecosystems.
- material benefits: food, fuel and fiber
- non material benefits: aesthetic and spiritual nourishment
provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services
The framework in fashion: widespread adaptation & rapid dissemination. Good & easy way to raise awareness.
A lot of the benefits have been traditionally “free of charge”, lead to neglecting & them being invisible in decision making. But a lot is missing!! Intrinsic values.
CES
cultural ecosystem sevices
= non material benefits that society derives from ecosystems
Recreation (experiental) , scenic beauty (visual) & intellectual
relationship (changing & complex) between humans and landscapes over a long period of time
subjective nature; dependent on values, behaviors & socio political and economic organizations.
money: tourism, culturally and socially meaningful (intrinsic/social values)
Intangible an difficult to map
participatory methods
Methods that involve stakeholders, locals, … to identify assess where they enjoy CES
Capturing the values, perceptions and knowledge of individuals better.
labour intensive, plenty of work force needed
popularity ES framework
(1) decline of previous conservation paradigms (1990s)
(2) anthropocentric and utilitarian values, conveyed in a SIMPLE message CONNECTING various stakeholders
(3) Political and analytical synergies (a) neoclassical economics (environmental degradation as a result of market failure), and; (b) methods of economic valuation of the environment
(4) articulation between
academic/policy agendas
(5) Mutual strengthening of market environmentalism and ES framework
(6) Capacity to shape a (new) policy agenda that includes:
a. identifying ES;
b. assess and estimate them;
c. capture and manage value.
(7) Capacity of the framework to offer a unifying (economic) value => BUT: what value? What type of value? What type of valuation was made? Is an economic value a
unifying value?
(8) The mechanism: ES=> Economic valuation of ES => trade and market of ES, and system of payments for ES
PES
payments for ES
Incentives offered to farmers, landowners and indigenous groups in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service (economic language, but its about benefits?)
a transparent system for the additional provision of environmental services through conditional payments to voluntary providers
effective and cost-efficient? For all kind of environmental problems?
REDD+
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation
+ sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing/tropical countries.
PES as an important mechanism to achieve these goals.
Since CO2 is emitted when forests are
damaged or destroyed, reducing the rate of deforestation or forest degradation would result in less CO2 being emitted.
The north pays the south for not cutting down trees.
PNCB
the Peruvian REDD+
Conditional cash transfer scheme to native communities to conserve communal forested lands
positive and negative aspects => the program is arriving to an end, unfulfilled expectation.
