Part 3: Management

Question 1

international convention

Answer 1

Generally used for formal multilateral treaties with many parties; normally open for participation by the international community as a whole, or by a large number of states. A convention becomes legally binding on the states that sign up and ratify it.

legally binding but no enforcement
- if it could be enforced nobody would sign it
- there is a common goal

Question 2

declaration

Answer 2

Usually used to declare aspirations rather than to create binding obligations. Are usually not legally binding. (e.g. Stockholm declaration, UN declaration on Human rights, SDGs)

Question 3

ramsar convention

Answer 3

succesfull convention
-> Preserving wetlands (conservation & wise use), Ramsar site list & effective management.

The only habitat where the number of bird species increased (remember figure)

Question 4

UNESCO World Heritage Convention

Answer 4

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

Mission: to identify and protect the world’s natural and cultural heritage of Outstanding Universal Value

• protection is the duty of the international community as a whole
• World Heritage list (large number of sites, conservation gets promoted; prestigious, increases tourism but costly & long process to get site on the list)

Question 5

CBD

Answer 5

Convention on Biological diversity

focus on biodiversity in general, and on sustainable use (governed by COP)

3 main goals but not very specific
- conservation of biodiversity
- sustainable use of biodiversity
- fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of biodiversity

2002: setting the 2010 biodiversity target
- reducing biodiversity loss

2010: international year of Biodiversity
- goals were not met
- strategic plan for 2011-2020 Aichi Biodiversity targets

2012: IPBES

2019: IPBES Global assessment report

2021-2023:
by 2050, harmony with nature
by 2030, specific goals (almost the same as earlier) but more concrete 30-30 rules or goals, more ambitious

Question 6

UNFCC

Answer 6

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Question 7

UNCCD

Answer 7

UN Convention to Combat Desertification

Question 8

Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Answer 8

20 targets set over the 5 goals

Question 9

IPBES

Answer 9

Intergovernmental Science-policy platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem services

Monitoring progress in implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011- 2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Provide scientific basis for future biodiversity policy

2019: 1in 8/9 species is endangered with extinction

Question 10

5 strategic goals

Answer 10

Goal A:
Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

Goal B:
Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

Goal C:
Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

Goal D:
Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ES

Goal E
Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

Question 11

SDG

Answer 11

Sustainable Development goals (2015), this is a declaration

Blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.

Goals about Biosphere, society and economy.

Question 12

Birds directive

Answer 12

European policy:
Aims to protect all the 500 wild bird species naturally occurring in the EU.

These species are listed in 5 categories

-> SPA for annex 1

Question 13

SPA

Answer 13

Special Protection Areas

These are areas that must be designated by the member states for 194 threatened bird species.

Question 14

Habitats directive

Answer 14

European policy:
Aims to protect more than 1000 threatened animal and plant species and 220 threatened
habitat types in the European Union.

-> SAC

Question 15

SAC

Answer 15

Special Areas of Conservation

These are areas that must be designated by the member states for the survival of threatened habitats and species.

Question 16

Natura 2000

Answer 16

A network of protected areas that combines the SACs and SPAs.

Largest network of protected areas in the world. (18% of the EU’s land area)

They aren’t strictly protected areas. Human activities are allowed as long as they don’t have a negative impact on the species or habitats.

exception: imperative reasons of overriding public interest’ and there is no alternative.

Question 17

directive

Answer 17

Legally binding law that is practically enforceable. This are EU laws that must be implemented/translated in national laws. There is no direct implementation in the law of the nation.

Legal enforcement is possible in national courts and European court of justice. The Government decisions can be challenged in court.

A time of signing member states didn’t know the full consequences of the laws.

Member states cannot allow any actions that will have a negative impact. The member states are responsible.

ex. Naura 2000, Habitats & birds directive

Question 18

EU restoration law

Answer 18

Restoring 20% of the EU’s land and sea areas by 2030.

• This is about the total area and not only about degraded are
• this law is more ambitious then IPBES 30% rule.

Question 19

in situ conservation

Answer 19

Conservation of species in their natural habitats
-> should always be the first choice, most appropriate way

Protected areas or nature reserves
WDPA

Question 20

ex situ conservation

Answer 20

Preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.

These should support the in-situ conservations.

Active: zoos (contribute to conservation through breeding programs, active), botanical gardens
Passive: seed or gene banks

Question 21

Millenium seed bank

Answer 21

• to provide an insurance policy against the extinction of plants in the wild.
• to conserve 25% of the world’s plant species by 2020 (now 39k of 75k species)

Question 22

Svalbard global seed vault (Norway)

Answer 22

The world’s largest collection of crop diversity (>1.3M samples)

Protecting crop diversity and making sure the genetic heritage preserved in seed banks is shared among nations.

Question 23

WDPA

Answer 23

World Database on Protected Areas

Question 24

protected areas

Answer 24

Not every area is the same their is a wide range: from no to limited human use

First the main focus was on iconic, later more on biodiversity and ES

Question 25

GBF

Answer 25

Global biodiversity framework target 3: by 2030 * 30 percent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas (30x30 target) * effectively conserved and managed Management is difficult due to lack of resources * equitable governed mostly not in collaboration with local people (but is slowly changing)

Question 26

Biodiversity hotspot

Answer 26

Areas that have a high irreplaceability and high vulnerability. It's not feasible to protect all threatened species and areas. This makes it possible to support biodiversity at a lower cost. These locations should be the priority. 35 hotspots identified, 17.3% of earths land (excluding Antarctica) problem: The situation can change in the future. If the focus is only put here what about the other areas.

Question 27

endemic areas

Answer 27

Areas that experience a high irreplaceability. They have a lot of endemic species; not threatened perse.

Question 28

Threatened Species areas

Answer 28

Areas that experience a high vulnerability. Based on IUCN red lists.

Question 29

endemic species

Answer 29

Species that exists only in one geographic region, or only in a small region.

Question 30

land sparing

Answer 30

Concentrate high-yield food production on small areas to spare other land for biodiversity conservation. Better option if the species are sensitive to all agriculture problem - there can be external effects of high yield farming - edge effects - Paradox of Jevons - loss of ES: is it sustainable? degradation, pollinator loss, erosion, salinization, ..

Question 31

land sharing

Answer 31

Integrating biodiversity conservation and food production on the same land, using biodiversity friendly farming methods Agri-environment schemes, Organic farming or Low intensity farming species can copes with low intensity farming The lower yield can lead to a higher land footprint, more land is needed.

Question 32

Agri-environment

Answer 32

subsidies to stimulate environmental practices in agriculture (e.g. flower strips, hedgerows, …) These off-field measures are twice as effective as organic farming.

Question 33

organic farming

Answer 33

Farming without use of synthetic pesticides or synthetic fertilizer. better? almost all increases are due to synthetic fertilizers, organic pesticides are sometimes more harmful Biodiversity gains are overestimated

Question 34

paradox of Jevons

Answer 34

Economic growth will increase the demand for resources. This is why intensification doesn't guarantee sparing, the intensification will be expanded.

Question 35

Green deal

Answer 35

25% of land needs to be organic. Promotion of land sharing approach and de-intensification. These lower productions will mean higher imports. ex. exporting deforestation

Question 36

three compartment landscapes

Answer 36

Combining high-yield farming, natural habitat, and low-yield farming - protected areas for natural habitat specialists - low yield farming for farmland specialists as buffer - high yield farming for food-protection (with environmental measures)

Question 37

planetary health diet

Answer 37

A diet good for our health and for our planet. Less meat consumption, 50% vegetables. Less potatoes.

Question 38

SER

Answer 38

Society on ecological restoration. An organization that brings knowledge and people together to improve ecological restoration. They don't conduct ER. GOAL: Advances the science, practice and policy of ecological restoration to sustain biodiversity, improve resilience in a changing climate, and re-establish an ecologically healthy relationship between nature and culture Definiton of ER from 'nature = wilderness' viewpoint. Recovery only when biotic and abiotic parts are sufficiently restored to continue its development without further (human) assistance or subsidy. Nature is self-organizing and self maintaining. The ecosystem will sustain itself structurally and functionally.

Question 39

ecological restoration (ER)

Answer 39

The process of ASSISTING the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.

Question 40

Heatland restoration

Answer 40

Also acknowledged as ecological restoration. After abandonment of heatlands they evolved into shrubs and forests. restoration: shrubs and forests needed to be removed + reinstallation of human activities.

Question 41

degraded ecosystem

Answer 41

subtle or gradual changes in species composition, ecosystem functioning and structure

Question 42

damaged ecosystem

Answer 42

acute and obvious changes in an ecosystem.

Question 43

Destroyed ecosystem

Answer 43

when degradation or damage removes all macroscopic life, and commonly ruins the physical environment as well.

Question 44

Reference state

Answer 44

Predisturbance conditions; often the historical state. A model for planning a restoration project, and later for its evaluation - Historical accounts and oral histories - Ecological descriptions, species lists and maps of the project site prior to damage - historical photographs - remnants of the ecosystem to be restored or similar intact ecosystems - herbarium & museum specimens - paleoecological evidence; fossil pollen, charcoal, tree ring history

Question 45

shifting baseline syndrome

Answer 45

= environmental generational amnesia Gradual changes in the accepted norms for the condition of the natural environment due to a lack of experience and memory. Every previous generation has another view on the baseline state of the ecosystem. Don't set the bar to low!!

Question 46

land-use legacies

Answer 46

Persisting impact of past land-use ex. Maya culture effects on soil and on forest composition still present. Due to intensive deforestation & agriculture. ex. former agriculture of forests

Question 47

hysteresis

Answer 47

Alternative stable states degradation is not always a linear process, sometimes sudden shift to new ecosystem state. Stable due to interna feedback mechanisms ex. clear and turbid water lakes

Question 48

calcareous grassland

Answer 48

Among the most species rich habitats in Europe. underwent centuries of extensive human cultivation (open ecosystem)

Question 49

sod cutting

Answer 49

Removing top layer of soil containing all the nutrients to recreate the nutrient poor conditions that are optimal for heathland vegetation This is reparation of abiotic condition.

Question 50

translocation

Answer 50

The intentional movement of species to new sites 3 categories: reintroduction, restocking/re-enforcement, ecological replacement Only when causes of decline are known and have been removed.

Question 51

reintroduction

Answer 51

Translocation process were individuals are moved into an area where the species used to occur focus on large emblematic animals (key stone species), ecological complexity makes the succes difficult, ethical issues ex. beaver, Grey wolf, brown bear, ...

Question 52

restocking

Answer 52

re-enforcement Translocation proces were individuals are added to an existing population if population is too small for survival.

Question 53

ecological replacement

Answer 53

Translocation process were the lost function is restored through the establishment of an ecologically similar or closely related taxon with same functions. translocation of a species outside it's natural range (native species is extinct), functionality has to be similar. ex. turtles Galapagos, aurochs (grazers) in Europe

Question 54

monitoring

Answer 54

Documenting changes over time through repeated observations. - Indentifying trends in biodiversity & trends in pressures on biodiversity - evaluation of conservation and restoration efforts (sometimes required by policy) - looking at causal linkages between pressures and state Key component of management State, impact, response, driving forces & pressures.

Question 55

ICP forest

Answer 55

Permanent monitoring network International Co - operative Programme on assessment and monitoring of Air pollution effects on forests one of the world's largest biomonitoring networks Aims: provide information on forest condition, air pollution, climate change, and biodiversity anual assessments of crown conditions and periodic intensity surveys

Question 56

citizen science

Answer 56

Involvement of volunteers in the scientific process. Becomes more and more important and useful due to new technologies. Early warning systems alien species, problem: chances of bias, data cleaning is important, focus on 'western world', small things tend to be overlooked.

Question 57

GBIF

Answer 57

global biodiversity information facility International data infrastructure funded by world governments. A single online portal that makes the data available, open acces.

Question 58

Global Aichi biodiversity indicators

Answer 58

A global set of indicators which focusses on monitoring the 2020 Aichi targets. developed by BIP (Biodiversity Indicator Parnership) ex. LPI, red list index, wild bird index,

Question 59

LPI

Answer 59

Living planet index An indicator of the state of global biodiversity based on trends in populations of species from around the world. Vertebrate species

Question 60

wild bird index

Answer 60

Index that measures average population trends of a suite of representative wild birds as an indicator of the general health of the environment.

Question 61

RLI

Answer 61

red list index Trends in overall extinction of species

Question 62

GBO

Answer 62

Global Biodiversity Outlook Periodic report (4-5 yr) summarises progress made towards achieving the objectives of the CBD. Looking how we are doing based on 5 goals and 20 targets. 5 directions: exceeding, achieving, towards but at insufficient rate, no significant progress or moving away from target

Question 63

IBP

Answer 63

index for biodiversity potential A score form 1-5 to - indigenous trees - vertical structure - number of large and old trees - presence of specific habits - presence of micro habits very easy way of monitoring, speeds up process.

Question 64

EBVs

Answer 64

essential biodiversity variables intermediate step between primary data and international indicators 6 EBV classes and 21 EBV candidates - genetic composition - species populations - species traits - community composition - ecosystem functioning - ecosystem structure

Question 65

nature based solution

Answer 65

Nature & climate solutions, no engineering solutions. Natural processes and ecosystems that are used to solve the issues.

Question 66

model

Answer 66

mathematical description of the real world complexity, understanding, modelling

Question 67

simulator

Answer 67

Tool that calculates results for a model using a sample of representative scenarios. Simulators for decision support may preferentially focus on model simplification, automation and visualization modelling scenarios, automation, visualization decision support

Question 68

DSS

Answer 68

decision suport systems Tool providing support to solve ill-structured decision problems by integrating user interface, simulation tool, expert rules, stakeholder preferences, database management and optimization algorithms. allowing the user to identify and select a preferred strategy from two or more alternatives against a pre-determined set of criteria. decision support user interfaces, queuing, optimization, evaluation & choice easy in use, flexibility & adaptability to help end-user in decision making. Treansdisciplinarity = stakeholders are active partners in DSS development

Question 69

Management planning

Answer 69

aim: Providing multiple ecosystem services benefits under global change Supporting ecosystem management plans with optimized future scenarios obtained by running the simulator fed with data from ecosystem monitoring. reliable & user friendly simulators!

Question 70

pioneer vegetation (developmental)

Answer 70

high provisioning services, medium biodiversity (supporting services), medium regulating services r-strategy: fast reproduction, keep vegetation in the pioneer state/developmental state

Question 71

climax vegetation (mature)

Answer 71

low provisioning services, high biodiversity (supporting services), high regulating services. Mature are finetuned to stabilize themselves, we can take adventage of this k-strategy: low reproduction, longliving organisms

Question 72

emperical models

Answer 72

simplest models, based on observations - linear regression analysis problem - not for future - only valid onder certain circumstances

Question 73

process-based model

Answer 73

Describes the complex behavior of the system, the eco physiological processes. - mathematical formula - can function under different circumstances problem - difficult to develop & understand - long differential equations - long run times

Question 74

metamodels

Answer 74

AI emulators Simplication of the process based models Emperical/statistical model/functions are made between inputs and outputs. The understanding is gone. High prediction capacity & speed. black box models This can be built into the DSS

Question 75

end user customization

Answer 75

Interface that helps the users work with the simulator. User group specific interfaces, scale-adapted front ands important: transparante, credibility & ownership user activation & attractive visualization & rendering easy access, batch executions, ...

Question 76

user activition

Answer 76

If no one can use the model it's not a good model -user guides, training & user community

Question 77

software modularity

Answer 77

the design principle of breaking down a complex software system into smaller, manageable, and independent modules or components higher flexibility & maintainability.

Question 78

heuristic technique

Answer 78

any approach to problem solving that uses a practical method or various shortcuts in order to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient given a limited timeframe or deadline. - pracical method with various shortcuts - no optimal solutions bur sufficient - limited timeframe/deadline

Question 79

spatially explicit simulation

Answer 79

complement simulator with heuristic techniques to optimize management at landscape level landscape metrics as decision variable

Question 80

particle swarm optimization

Answer 80

- Randomly selects a number of particles in the multidimensional problem space - Moves these particles around searching for the best solution - Particles adapt their direction and velocity depending on their own experience (particle best = pbest) and the experience of the other particles (global best = gbest) technique inspired by nature, speeds up optimization

Question 81

sDSS

Answer 81

spatially explicit decision support system DSS coupled to a GIS database

Question 82

open simple question

Answer 82

inputs are given/not all inputs and we want just the output simple cause only one ES is asked ex. How much carbon sequestration do we get 20 years after afforestation with pine on sandy loam soils in Flanders?

Question 83

open complex question

Answer 83

outputs are given, but complex cause 2ES, not all is given optimization is needed ex.Where in Flanders, Belgium to afforest with deciduous trees to reach after 30 years maximal carbon sequestration and minimal nitrate leaching? (where question)