Part 2: From functions to services Flashcards
MEA
Millenium Ecosystem Assesment (2005)
Assesment report of the human impact on the environment. Popularization of term ecosystem services.
TEEB
The economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2010)
Major international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity. Highlight the global growing cost of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.
ES
ecosystem services
The benefits that people obtain from natural and human-managed ecosystems.
Can sometimes be valued economically, some have no economic value.
Can be grouped into 3 large categories
- provisioning: materials
- regulating: protections
- cultural: non tangible values
that directly affect people.
provisioning ES
- nutrition: water & biomass
- materials: biomass, fibers, water
- energy: biomass & mechanical energy
food, biological raw materials, biomass fuel, genetic resources, fresh water, biochemicals natural medicines and pharmaceuticals
regulating ES
- mediation of waste, toxics and other nuisances
- mediation of flows
- maintenance of physical, chemical or biological conditions
maintenance air quality, regulation climate, water timing and flows, erosion control, water purification, wast treatment, disease mitigation, maintenance of soil quality, pest mitigation , pollination, natural hazard mitigation
cultural ES
- physical and intellectual interactions with biota, ecosystems and land/seascapes (environmental settings)
- spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with the environment
recreation and tourism, ethical & spiritual values, educational and inspirational values
supporting ES
Used to be an ES that supported the other 3 ES (provisioning, regulating & culural) now more the underlying features or function of ecosystems.
habitat, nutrient cycling, water cycling, primary production, BIODIVERSITY
CICES
The common International classification of ecosystem services.
hierarchial classification in sections, divisions, groups, classes & type.
egg from a chicken:
section: provisioning ES
division: nutrition
groups: biomass
class: reared animals and outputs
type: animal product by amount, type
NCP
nature’s contributions to people
- Nature society interaction because ES is to economical
- more pluristic and inclusive concept (IPBES)
- ES are still apart of NCP
All contributions both positive and negative of living nature to the quality of life for people.
empty world model
Planet earth is not taken into account in economic models. No inclusion of natural capita.
Manufactured capita, labor and land go to the economical processes. This gives goods and services. This can give lead to consumption (welfare of people) and investments ( building to increase manufactured capita; eduction, training and research for labour; and improvement of land.
full world model
planet earth is teken into account as a natural capita. The solar energy also becomes an input for the system.
Regenerating ecosystems and ES in supportof human well-being is an essential aspect!
There is natural, human, social and manufactured capital. These give rise to ecological services and economic production processes. They all take part in the wellbeing of an individual.
MAES
Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services
feedback mechanisms
A improves B, but B degrades A
feedforward mechanisms
A improves B, and B improves A
bidirectional interaction
Interaction in two ways
unidirectional interaction
interaction only in one way
independant impact
impact of the external drives is only on one ecosystem service
shared impact
impact of the external driver on more then one ecosystem service
trade offs
negative causal relationship
optimizing one ES can diminish another ES.
The provisioning of one ES is reduces as a consequence of increased use of another ES.
Can be irreversible or reversible and has a time and space scale. (8 categories)
ES bundle
set of associated ES relationships that repeatedly occur together.
In different municipalities or landscapes
Result of cluster analysis/
They are also spatially clustered and reveal areas with distinct social ecological reality.
Biodiversity-productivity hypothesis
Darwin 1859
Diverse ecosystems show higher productivity than monocultures
Biodiversity stability hypothesis
diverse ecosystems show higher stability then more simple systems.
They have a higher resistance to a disturbance or higher recovery after disturbance.
BEF
biodiversity & ecosystem function
Structural diversity, functional diversity and composition
- 3 niveaus: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.
additive
performance of mixture according to expectation by weighted averaging
synergistic
postive performance effect of mixture, more then weighted average
antagonistic
negatieve performance effect of mixture, less then weighted average.
niche complementary
Different species in a community, that have different ecological amplitudes. They use the resources in a slightly different way or at different times.
The niches are shifted.
Maintaining biodiversity and enhances EF
NDE
net diversity effect
observed EF - expected EF (if we assume additive effect)
NDE <0: antagonistic effect = competition
NDE = 0: additive: no diversity effect
NDE>0: positive diversity effect, overyielding
transgressive overyielding
Complementary effect that lead to an increase in productivity tov the max single species effect.
The combination is even better than the best monoculture.
Dmax >0 (observed EF -max EF)
overyielding
Possible trough either selection or complementary effects
Dmax <0 (observed EF - max EF)
NDE >0
confounding factors
factors that can influence both dependent and independent variable. This can lead to misleading of results.
orthogonality
confounding factors are kept as constant as possible during the research.
These are controlled experiments
Avoiding correlation between biodiversity and confounding factors in order to detect the sole effect of biodiversity to a maximum extent
FunDivEUROPE
functional significance of forest biodiversity in Europe
- quantification of the effects of forest biodiversity on ecosystem function and services
In the major European forest types.
ideal BEF research
- orthogonality
- comprehensiveness: including effects of biodiversity on the full range of ESs and EFs
- representativenes: being representative for all sites and conditions available int the world
experiments
High comprehensiveness and high orthogonality
inventories
High representativeness, low orthogonality and even lower comprehensiveness
exploratories
medium comprehensiveness, representativeness and a little bit lower orhogonality
complementary effects
various types of interspecific
interactions, whereby intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition.
niche differentiation & facilitation
This can lead to transgressive overyielding
niche differentation
Species obtain greater access to available resources or if they improve resource-use efficiency, through functional differences in, for example shade tolerance, foliar phenology or rooting architecture.
ex. ET increases over a plot with mixture this suggests that a more complet utilization of the water resources is happening, different rooting depths
A trade off can be that the resources get faster depleted
facilitation
species improve the performance of other species by enhancing resource supply or climatic or biotic conditions
- indirect biotic
ex. species specific pathogeen load decreases - abiotic nutrient enrichment
ex. Nfixation can provide N for other species - abiotic amelioration
ex. shading by poneer creates microclimate
ex. hydraulic lift, mycorrhizal fungi
selection effects
Indicates that overyielding is attributable to species with particular monoculture traits.
ex. sampling effect
sampling effect
That more species leads to higher probability for presence and dominance of a better performing species
This happens in synthetic communities but also natural systems.
ex. leguminosen, exotic species, ..
insurance effect
statistical effect, portfolio effect
more species = redundancy = higher probability of alternative
Diversified investment, not having all eggs in one basket. The risk is shared.
biodiversity leads to more stability
asynchrony effect
Fluctuation in abundance and productivities of species in time.
This contributes to a temporal stability
ecosystem engineers
species that make a difference
Organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. In doing so they modify, maintain and create habitats.
autogenic and allogenic engineers
species identity effect
Some species have a disproportionately large influence due to their unique traits or roles in the ecosystem.
Many biodiversity effect depend on the species that are involved. There is need to pay attention to these ecosystem engineers
autogenic engineers
change the environment with their own physical structure (i.e. their living and dead tissues)
ex. corals, trees
allogenic engineers
change the environment by transforming living or non-living materials from one physical state to another
ex. woodpeckers, beavers
6 factors that scale the impact of ecosystem engineers
- Lifetime per capita * activity of individual organisms
- Population density
- Spatial distribution of the population
- The length of time the population has been present at a site
- The durability of constructs, artifacts and impacts in the absence of the original engineer
- The number and types of resource flows that are modulated by the constructs and artifacts, and the number of other species dependent
upon these flows.
functional groups of ecosystem engineers
- Mechanical engineering
A beaver building a dam - Bioturbation
earthworms drilling galleries - light engineering
Trees that form closed canopies that filter the light - chemical engineering
Littre leaf quality of a tree determines acid buffering, leguminosen modify the fertility level of the soil
jack of all trades and master of none
More diverse systems are more multifunctional. As a consequence they support more ecosystem services
crop rotation
The practice of growing a series of dissimilar/ different types of crops in the same area in a logical sequence.
Biodiversity in time.
Introduction leguminosen in the system (N fixation), fallow period (restoring of land by leaving it to rest), brassicaceae (turnips, mustard, cabbage; spicy due to isothiocyanates=> sterilization of nemathodes)
Over the total landscape there is no monoculture, farmers can be in different parts of a rotation.
insurance effect, sampling effect (=species identity effect), facilitation effect
Agroforestry
A land-use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.
It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems
Layerd systems that are interesting in areas with to much sunlight and systems that lack fertilizers.
insurance effect, sampling effect & complemetartity effects
NWFP
Non wood forest products
goods of biological origin other than wood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests.
Not high in volume, but have a high specific importance.
Health & nutritional needs.
ex. mushrooms
insurance effect
