part 3 Flashcards
types of DNA damage repair: BER
for free radicals
types of DNA damage repair: NER
for UV, cigarette smoke
types of DNA damage repair: NHEJ
for double strand breaks caused by ionising radiation
types of DNA damage repair: ICL repair
for interstrand cross links, leads to Fancomi Anemia
gene panel sequencing
only sequences certain genes
driver mutations
give growth/survival advantage
non-silent
function regions
cancer genes
Passenger mutations
no advantage or disadvantage (growth/survival)
at random
synthetic lethality
when a combination of 2 or more genes exhibit deficiencies and the cell can no longer survive the combination
a deficiency for only 1 of these genes is not lethal
epithelial tumors
adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma
seminoma
malignant tumor of testicular epithelium
teratoma carcinoma
totipotent cells (w/ teeth/hair) benign version = mature teratoma
salivary gland tumors
pleiomorphic adenoma (benign)
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
(basal) adenocarcinoma
acinic cell carcinoma
TGF-B pathway
regulator of invasion and migration processes in cancer cells, suppresses E-cadherin activity
HIF-1a
senses oxygen levels and is a major mechanism in supporting angiogenesis
carcinoma characteristics
local invasion and spread
regional lymph nodes
supraregional lymphnodes
haematogenous spread
