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Toxicology Credit Test 1 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ethyleneglycol creates the colourless crystals of … in the urine?

A

Calcium oxadate

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2
Q

The concentration of MtHb in blood is determined by?

A

Spectrophotometric method.

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3
Q

The body and breath of animals intoxicated by Cyanide smell like?

A

Bitter almonds.

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4
Q

Three main routes of exposure to noxa are as follows?

A
  • Per cutis
  • Per inhalation
  • Per os - with food and water
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5
Q

Chemical-toxicological analysis consists of these 3 steps:

A
  • Qualitative and quantitative chemical tests
  • Purification
  • Detection
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6
Q

The methods of detection of the toxic substances are?

A
  • Spectrophotometry
  • Chromatography
  • Clinical methods
  • Atomic absorbance spectrophotometry
  • Heat emission
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7
Q

Write etiology of poisoning, mechanism of action, clinical symptomatology, therapy and clinical-toxicological analysis in Zinc phosphide poisoning:

A
  • Zinc phosphide has been used widely as a rodenticide. Upon ingestion, it gets converted to Phosphine gas (2PH3) when in contact with acidic stomach, which is subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream and gets captured by the liver and the lungs. Phosphine gas produced various metabolic and nonmetabolic toxic effects.
    -> Phosphine gas inhibits cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial oxygen uptake.
  • Clinical signs:
  • Often seen in 30 min after exposure.
  • Smell of stomach content is Garlic.
  • It irritates the mucous membrane of stomach and causes the dilation of the gastrointestinal tract.
    -> It causes stomach pain, hyper reflectivity when touched, twitching, hypersensitivity and hypersalivation.
  • Acute: fever, nausea, shock, weak heart beat, low blood pressure and loss of consciousness.
  • Other: vomiting, diarrhoea, cyanosis, rales and restlessness.
  • Therapy:
  • Tube to release Phosphine gas from stomach.
  • Remove stomach and intestine content (with tube or laxative).
  • Spasms treated with antispasmodic drugs.
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8
Q

How toxic substances may be determined after adjustment?

A
  • Water extract -> chlorides, urea, nitrates, nitrites, metals.
  • Extraction with organisti solvent -> pesticides, alkaloids, mycotoxines, narcotics.
  • Mineralization -> metals.
  • Steam distillation -> cyanide, formaldehyde, phenols, aldehydes, alcohols.
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9
Q

Reinisch test is for determination of?

A
  • Mercury (silver flakes coat Hg).
  • General test for heavy metals (HCl soak, Cu strip).
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10
Q

Normal Urea concentration?

A

2-7 mmol/L.
- More (>) than 12 mmol/L = Toxic.

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11
Q

Which compounds can be determined without adjustment?

A
  • Zink phosphide (Zn3P2)
  • Arsenic ( As - Gutzeits test)
  • Mercury (Hg - Reinich test)
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12
Q

Compounds needing Water extraction to determine?

A
  • NaCl
  • Nitrate
  • Nitrite
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13
Q

Compounds that cause MtHb-emia?

A
  • Nitrites -> if pH is higher: NH2 passed rumen wall, if pH is lower: NH4+ cannot pass.
  • Chlorates
  • Chromium
  • Carbamates
  • Oxides of nitrogen
  • Aromatic nitro and amino compounds
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14
Q

In the case of a positive Zink phosphide test, what do you observe?

A

Filter paper soaked in AgNO3 turns Black.

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15
Q

Method for determining NaCl?

A
  • NO3- Polarography
  • Water extraction
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16
Q

Samples for CHTA can be preserved by?

A

Cooling/freezing without the use of chemicals or by use of Formaldehyde (1:9 of neutral formaldehyde -> 1 Part of 40% formaldehyde and 9 parts water).

17
Q

What is Formaldehyde determined by and how is it extracted?

A
  • Fehlings solution I+II (1+2) -> red clotting
  • Steam distillation
  • Can be as a disinfectant preservative.
18
Q

What is LD50?

A

Lethal dose of 50% tested animals (under controled conditions).

19
Q

Name the tests which are used for testing of new chemical poisoning:

A
  • Test of acute oral toxicity
  • Test of skin sensitivity
  • Inhalation test
  • Reproductive test and developmental studies
  • Carcinogenicity
  • Test of mutagenicity
  • Chronic and subchronic tests
  • Immunotoxicity test
20
Q

Which clinical symptoms follows on Organophosphate poisoning?

A
  • GIT: hypersalivation, abdominal spasms/pain, diarrhoea.
  • Respiratory: bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema, dyspnoea.
  • Heart: bradycardia.
  • Eye: miosis.
21
Q

Which methods do we use for the determination of Organophosphate in biological material?

A

TLC and GC.

22
Q

PCB (Poly chlorinated biphenols) is determined by?

A

GC

23
Q

Pb is qualitatively determined with?

A

H2SO4 -> White clot

24
Q

LD50 of Urea in unaccustomed ruminants?

A

0,3-0,5 g/kg

25
Q

Colour of blood with Sulphemoglobin (HbSH)?

A

Grey or black.

26
Q

What is an important diagnostic aid in Organophosphate poisoning?

A

Cholinesterase activity.

27
Q

Colour of blood with Cyanomethemoglobin (MtHbCN)?

A

Bright red

28
Q

What is the therapy for Urea poisoning?

A
  • 0,5-3% Acetic acid (or 0,1-0,3% HCl), 3-5 L for cattle and 1 L for sheep.
  • If there is no acid available then use 20-30 L of cold water.
29
Q

Urea concentration in food is determined by?

A

Water extraction and Spectrophotometry.

Toxicology Credit Test 1 (4 decks)

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