Part 1 Flashcards
Definition of poison used by Svaga (1960)?
Poison is every chemical substance qualitatively or quantitatively different from the organism and it is harmful from the chemical or physical aspects.
What is the ethiology of poisoning?
Disease of the organism with certain clinical symptoms caused by absorbable poison after its income:
- per os with food or water
- penetration per inhalation or per cutis.
Write down the ethiology of poisoning caused by absorbable noxa?
- per os with food
- per os with water
- per inhalation
- per cutis
What kind of chromatographic methods do you know?
TLC - Thin layer chromatography
GC - Gas chromatography
HPLC - High pressure chromatography
Diagnosis of intoxication?
- Anamnesis
- Clinical examination
- Postmortem
- CHTA
- Biological experiment
What does CHTA consist of?
- Extraction
- Purification
- Detection
Can samples of CHTA be preserved with chemical?
NO chemicals! (Only cooling/freezing)
In fish poisoning we withdraw fish and water from CHTA. The water is withdrawn in amount?
At least 1L (or the bottle must be completely filled).
Procedure in sampling of fish?
- Send the whole fish
- Send water from intoxicated area
- Add map of intoxicated area
- Send samples from place above the possible source of intoxication
Which methods are used for detection of toxic substances?
- Spectrophotometry (UV-light, IR-light, Visible light)
- Physical method
- Polarography
- Chromatographic methods (TLC, GC, HPLC)
Determination methods post adjustment?
Extraction, Purification, Detection.
How might toxic substances be determined after its adjustment?
- H2O and Organic solvent extraction
- Steam distillation
- Mineralization
Which compounds can we determine without sample adjustment?
Mercury and Arsenic.
Typical for Mercury?
- Kills the erythrocytes
- Black gingiva/gums
Arsenic is determined in biological sample?
Without adjustment (Gutzeits test).
Arsenic is described as?
- Long term poison
- Destroys cell membrane
- Therapy: Natrium sulphate, Dimercaprol (also called British anti-Lewisite).
Pb (Lead) is qualitative determined with?
H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid) -> white ppt.
What is the normal value of Urea concentration in milk?
- 2-7 mol/L
- NB! 8-12 - Dubious
- > 12 - Intoxication
When do we use Urea in food?
- For ruminants for synthesis of proteins.
- Start with small amount and gradually increase dosage. It is important that the Ru is acoustomed to ammonia nutrition.
- Important to give forage with enough energy so pH of rumen is low, low pH decreases the action of Urease.
- Urea -> Urease -> NH3 (toxic) + CO2
- NH3 is alkaline gas - Therapy is to acidify rumen -> Acetic acid or HCl.
Calculation of Urea concentration in blood and milk?
- Urea (mmol/L) = A1/A2 × 16,65
- A1 = Absorbance of sample
- A2 = Absorbance of standard
Urea concentration in blood is determined by?
Water extraction and Spectrophotometry.
What is the course of Urea poisoning?
Increase of pH in rumen content, tremor, fibrillation (mainly on face and ears), exophthalmos (bulging of the eye), increased respiratory rate, expressive jugular puls, pulmonary edema, groaning (abdominal pain), staggering, foamy salivation, grinding teeth, bloating, cyanosis (blue skin), hyperthermia, tonic-clonic convulsions and finally death within 2 hours.
The normal value of MtHb in organism is?
3 (+-2) %
How do we quantitative determine MtHb in blood?
By Spectrophotometry.
What compounds cause methemoglobinemia?
- Chlorates
- Carbamates
- Oxidases of nitrogen
- Aromatic nitro- and amino compounds
What system detoxes MtHb to Hb in organism?
MtHb reduction system by MtHb reductase enzyme.
What is the therapy in methemoglobinemia?
- Methylene blue 1-2 mg/kg intravenously in a 1-2 % solution.
- It reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+.
The mechanism of creating methemoglobin is?
- Iron is oxidized from Fe2+ to Fe3+.
- NO3- -> NO2- and Fe2+ -> Fe3+.
Therapy of Cyanide poisoning?
- Sodium nitrite is applied and MtHb is formed, Cyanide binds to it and forms MtHbCN.
- Sodium thiosulphate is then applied and SCN- (non toxic) is formed and is eliminated by urine.
NaCl is extracted by/NaCl is determined from?
H2O extraction.
What method do we use for determination of NaCl and NO3-?
NO2-/H2O Polarography.
Brucine is used as a detection for qualitative determination of?
NO3- (Nitrate).
Which colour indicator is specific for qualitative determination of NO2-?
Griess-Illosway indicator.
Which are the chemicals that need Water extraction as part of their determination?
Nitrite and Nitate.
Nitrates is reduced by rumen and intestine to?
Nitrites (cause methemoglobinemia)
Anticoagulant rodenticides inhibit?
Production of Prothrombine.
Polarography is?
An Electrochemical method.
What is Zinc phosphide?
Rodenticide.
Zn3P2 (Zinc phosphide) and Arsenic is determined?
Without sample adjustments.
What happens when Zn3P2 enters the body?
- When in contact with acidic stomach (HCl) it will transform into 2PH3.
- Smell of stomach content when opened is Garlic.
- Zn3P2 + 2HCl -> 2PH3.
Therapy of Zn3P2 poisoning?
- Tube to release Phosphine gas from stomach.
- Remove stomach and intestine content (with tube or laxative).
- Spasms treated with antispasmodic drugs.
Reinisch test is for?
Mercury (Hg).
Formaldehyde is determined by?
- Fellings test - red ppt.
- Schiffs reagent - red or red/violet colour.
- Steam distillation.
The positive result in Zn3P2 determination is if?
If the filter paper soaked in AgNO3 turns black.
Colour of blood with:
- MtHb: Dark brown chocolate colour
- MtHbCN: Bright red
- HbCO: Bright red
- HbSH: Grey or black
