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MICROPARA LEC > part 3 > Flashcards

part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria which grow below 20°C (cold temp)

A

psychrophiles

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2
Q

grow between 20-40°C (moderate temp)

A

mesophiles

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3
Q

most pathogenic bacteria

A

mesophiles

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4
Q

wide range 5-43°C

A

pseudomonas

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5
Q

narrow range 30-39°C

A

Gonococcus

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6
Q

bacteria which grow at higher temp 60-80°C

A

thermophiles

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7
Q

up to 250°C

A

bacillus stearothermophilus

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8
Q

average ph requirement of most bacteria, which matches ph in human body environment

A

7.2-7.6

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9
Q

bacteria grow in acidic ph
ex. lactobacilli in ph=3 and fungi

A

acidophilic

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10
Q

some bacteria grow in alkaline ph

A

alkaliphiles

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11
Q

ph 10.5

A

alakaligenes

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12
Q

light

A

most bacteria prefer darkness for growth

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13
Q

some bacteria that require sunlight are called

A

phototropic

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14
Q

exposure to light may influence

A

pigment production

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15
Q

they form a pigment only on exposure to light and not when incubated in the dark

A

Photochromogenic mycobacteria

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16
Q

how many percent of NaCl (sodium chloride) are added to culture media to provide suitable osmolarity

A

0.5% NaCl

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17
Q

sudden exposure to hypertonic solutions may cause osmotic withdrawal of water and shrinkage of protoplasm. this occurs more readily in gram negative than in gram positive bacteria

A

plasmolysis

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18
Q

shrinkage is called?

A

crenation

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19
Q

if the cell is a bacterial cell, having a rigid cell wall, does not shrink. instead, the cell membrane and cytoplasm shrink away from the cell. this condition is known as?

A

plasmolysis

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20
Q

if the cell is a bacterial cell, having a rigid cell wall, when placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell may not burst. but the fluid pressure within the cell increases greatly

A

plasmoptysis

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21
Q

if the pressure becomes so great that the cell ruptures, the escape of cytoplasm from the cell is referred to as?

A

plasmoptysis

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22
Q

CELL swells up and sometimes bursts when place into

A

hypotonic solution

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23
Q

of the cell bursts the bursting is called

A

hemolysis

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24
Q

those microbes that prefer salty environments, such as concentrated salt water found in great salt lake and salt evaporation ponds are called

A

halophilic

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25
Q

organisms that do not prefer living in salty environments but capable of surviving are called

A

haloduric organisms

26
Q

growth of one organism favours growth of another organism.

ex. staphylococcus aureus streaked across haemophilus influenza favours its growth

A

symbiosis

27
Q

growth of one organism is detrimental to the other

ex. pseudomonas hampers growth of gonococci

A

antagonism

28
Q

the study of genetics

A

heredity

29
Q

an organisms ____ is its complete collection of genes

A

genotype (or genome)

30
Q

an organisms ___ refers to its physical trait

A

phenotype

31
Q

an organisms ____ is the manifestation of that organisms genotype

A

phenotype

32
Q

direct all functions of the cell

A

genes

33
Q

a change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is transmissible to offspring is called

A

mutation

34
Q

what are the 3 categories of bacterial genetics mutation

A

beneficial mutations
harmful mutations
silent mutations

35
Q

mutation rate ( the rate at which mutations occur) can be increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents called

A

mutagens

36
Q

the organism containing the mutation is called?

A

mutant

37
Q

ways to acquire new genetic information

A

lysogenic conversion
transduction
transformation
conjugation

38
Q

an extrachromosal DNA molecule is called?

A

plasmid

39
Q

an organism that acquires plasmid acquire new…

A

genes

40
Q

in lysogenic conversion ____ inject their DNA into a bacterial cell

A

temperate phages

41
Q

the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome but does not cause the lytic cycle to occur. this is known as

A

lysogeny

42
Q

the bacterial cell exhibit new properties, directed by the viral genes. this is referred to as?

A

lysogenic conversion

43
Q

“to carry across”

A

transduction

44
Q

in ____ bacterial genetic material is “carried across” from one bacterial cell to another by a bacterial virus, thus, in ____ bacteria acquire new bacterial genes.

A

transduction

45
Q

only small amount of ____are transferred by transduction

A

genetic material

46
Q

transfer of portion of DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteriophages

A
  1. phage injects DNA
  2. phage enzyme breaks down host DNA
    3-4. cell created new phages,including phage and host DNA
    5-6. transducting phage inserts donor DNA
  3. donor DNA included in recipients chromosomes due to recombination
47
Q

a bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed following the uptake of DNA fragments (“naked DNA”) from its environments

A

transformation

48
Q

the ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell is called

A

competence

49
Q

bacteria capable of absorbing naked DNA are said to

A

competent bacteria

50
Q

specialized type of pilus

A

sex pilus

51
Q

involves a specialized type of pilus called sex pilus

A

conjugation

52
Q

bacterial cell with a sex pilus

A

donor cell

53
Q

a bacterial cell with a sex pilus attaches sex pilus to another bacterial cell called

A

recipient cell

54
Q

some genetic material usually a plasmid is transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell through a

A

conjugate pore

55
Q

a plasmid that contains multiple genes for antibiotic resistance is known as

A

resistance factor or R-factor

56
Q

a bacterial cell that receives an R-factor becomes a

A

“superbug”

57
Q

involves technique to transfer eukaryotic genes (particularly human genes) into easily cultured cells to manufacture important gene products

A

genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology

58
Q

frequently used as vehicles for inserting genes into cells

A

plasmid

59
Q

assemblages of bacterial cell attached to a surface and enclosed in an adhesive matrix that is the product of excretion by

A

cells and cell death

60
Q

is typically a mixture of polysaccharides, protein, and nucleic acids that bind the cell together

A

matrix

61
Q

a bacterial cell grown on surface, they commonly form

A

biofilms

MICROPARA LEC (5 decks)

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