Epidemiology and public health Flashcards
it is the basic science of public health
study
time place and persons
distribution
search for the causes
determinants
deals with population rather than individual
populations
steers public health decisions on developing and evaluating interventions
control
two things about infection
the various ways infections can be transmitted
the ways the infection chain can be broken
six links in the form of infection
pathogen
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
infectious agent
fungi
parasite
hosts that do not know the outward signs or symptoms of a disease but are still capable of transmitting the disease are known as
carriers
route of escape of pathogen from the reservoir
ex:
respiratory secretions
blood exposure
breaks in skin
portal of exit
method by which the pathogen gets from the reservoir to the new host
route of transmission
transmission may occur through
direct
air
droplet
vector
route to which the pathogen enters its new host
portal of entry
the organism that accepts the pathogen
susceptible host
the support of pathogen life and its reproduction depends on the degree of the…
hosts resistance
identification of infectious agent and appropriate treatment
pathogen identification
potential hosts and carriers must practice asepsis and maintain proper personal hygiene
asepsis and hygiene
healthcare personnel must practice standard precautions
control portal of exit
prevent direct or indirect contact
prevent s route of transmission
health professionals must make sure that portal of entry are not subjected to pathogens
protect portal of entry
health professionals mist recognized and protect high-risk patients
recognition of susceptible host
how to interrupt the chain of infection
- pathogen identification
- asepsis and hygiene
- control portals of exit
- prevent a route of transmission
- protect portal of entry
- recognition of susceptible host
high risk patients
cancer patients
aids
transplant
infant and elderly
means “on, upon, befall”
epi
“upon the body skin”
epidermis
means “people, population, man”
demo
means study of
ology
that which befalls man
epidemiology
generally seen as a method to investigate disease
epidemiology
an investigative method used to detect the cause or source of diseases in human populations or group
epidemiology
study of nature, cause, control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease, disability and death in hunan population
epidemiology
involves characterizing the distribution of health status, diseases, or other health problems
epidemiology
serves as the foundation of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine
epidemiology
highly regarded in evidence based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice
epidemiology
father of modern medicine in the canin of medicine
persian physician avicenna
discovered the contagious nature of tuberculosis snd STD’s and the distribution of disease through water and soil
avicenna
states that bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies before being infected
avicenna
introduced the quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of contagious disease
avicenna
used the risk factor analysis and proposed the idea of syndrome in the diagnosis of specific disease
avicenna
hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by small “minute bodies” which enter the human body and cause disease
lbn khatima
wrote a treatise called ON THE PLAGUE in which he stated how infectious disease can be transmitted through body contact and through garments vessels and earrings
lbn al-khatib
proposed a theory that these very small, unseeable, particles that cause disease were alive
girolamo fracastoro
“they were considered to spread by air, multiply by themselves and and to be destroyable by fire”
girolamo fracastoro
in 1543, he wrote de contagione et contagiosis morbis in which he was the first to promote personal and environmental hygiene to orevent disease
girolamo fracastoro
held that disease such as cholera or the black death were caused by a miasma (greek language: pollution)
miasmatic theory of disease
pattern of response by a living organisms
disease
capable of producing diseases
pathogens
process of generating a disease
pathogenesis
means disease causing or producing
pathogenic
describes the potential ability and strength of a pathogenic substance to cause disease
pathogenicity
those which the pathogen or agent has the capability to enter, survive, and multiply in the host
infective disease
the extent of pathogenicity or strength of organisms
virulence
the capacity and strength of the disease to produce severe and fatal cases of illness
virulence
the ability to get into the susceptible host and cause a disease within the host
invasiveness
the capacity of microorganisms or enter into and grow in upon tissues of a host
invasiveness
factors contributing to the source or causation of the disease
etiology
poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organisms
toxins
a substance produced by or a semisynthetic substance derived from a microorganisms and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganisms
antibiotics
outbreak or occurrence of one specific disease
epidemic
epidemic that is widespread across a country
pandemic
the extent that people, within a population who do not have a disease, develop the disease during a specific time period
incidence
the number of people within a population who have a certain disease at a given point in time
prevalence
refers to the numbers of individuals who develop a specific disease or experienced a specific a health related event during a particulsr time period
incidence
refers to the total numbers of individuals in a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time
prevalence
is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection
risk factor or determinant
many people, objects, avenues of transmission and organisms can be involved in the..
spread of disease
4 factors contribute to the outbreak of disease
- role of the host
- agent
- environmental circumstances
- time
is the cause of disease
agent
an organism usually human or animal that harbors disease
host
is the favorable surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow disease transmission
environment
