Part 2

Question 1

What are the 5 parts of the biomechanical models?

Answer 1

spinal/vertebral misalignment
spinal fixation
kinetics and concepts of kinesiopathology
subluxation degeneration
conceptual models of degeneration

Question 2

describe spinal/vertebral misalignment

Answer 2

part of the biomechanical model
partial dislocation, common entity
caused by: postural stress, trauma, IVD degeneration, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, congenital and developmental factors

Question 3

what is static/basic compensatory distortion?

Answer 3

part of the biomechanical model

effects on gravitational strain on skeleton and posture in and upright state

Question 4

if the pelvis is unleveled, then the rest of the spine could be unleveled. This is part of what model/hypothesis?

Answer 4

biomechanical

Question 5

which vertebra are more exposed to stress and predisposed to injury?

Answer 5

Occ-C1-C2, C4, C7-T1, T7&8, T11-12, L3

Question 6

normalizing posture and improves function and health, which model/hypothesis is this a part of of?

Answer 6

biomechanical hypothesis/model

Question 7

statics

Answer 7

biomechanical model

branch of mechanics that deal with equilibrium of bodies at or in motion with no acceleration

Question 8

what is spinal fixation?

Answer 8

hypomobility, soft tissue changes, abberent neural reflexes, neurologic fixation

Question 9

what can spinal fixation be due to?

Answer 9

adhesion in synovial joints
meniscoid entrapment/interarticular phenomena
IVD degeneration and fragmentation
postural muscle hypertonicity/spasm
inflammation and edema in facet joint

Question 10

kinetics

Answer 10

biomechanical model/hypothesis

study of forces on the body and changes that are produced in the motion of the body

Question 11

compensation reaction

Answer 11

hypomobilty in a motion that leads to hypermobility other places

Question 12

kinetics and concepts/kinesiopathology

Answer 12

change in central axis of motion
loss of joint end play
positional dyskonesia

Question 13

conceptual models of degeneration

Answer 13

biomechanical models/hypotheses
inflammation/immobilzation
IVF encroachment/DRG irritation neurological models

Question 14

name the parts of the neurologic models/hypotheses

Answer 14

Nerve and NR compression traction/torsion
DRG compression/traction
spinal cord compression/traction (myelopathy)
somatosomatic hypothesis
somatovisceral hypothesis
viscerosomatic hypothesis

Question 15

describe nerve and nerve root compression/traction/torsion

Answer 15

neurologic model/hypothesis
distortion/ IVF can cause mechanical compression of spinal nerve or spinal NR with neural injury and dysfunction
mechanical stresses can cause traction and torsion of spinal nerve with neural injury and dysfunction
gives rise to symptoms in other parts of the body as well as adhesions
may cause spontaneous neural discharges
Korr

Question 16

describe DRG compression/tractions

Answer 16

neurologic models/hypothesis
compression can cause neural dysfunction
become hyperexcitable and give rise to neural discharges
DRGs and NRs can be 5x more sensitive to compressive forces

Question 17

describe spinal cord compression/traction

Answer 17

neurologic models/hypothesis
cervical subluxation can cause neural canal stenosis to compress spinal cord with neural injury and dysfunction
dorsal columns are particularly sensitive
grostic

Question 18

somatosomatic hypothesis

Answer 18

neurologic models/hypothesis
somatic afferent bombardment of dorsal horn, leading to somatic efferents (spasm, pain, equilibrium, distortion, hypomobility, misalignment)
tends to be self sustaining
seaman, carrick

Question 19

somatovisceral hypothesis

Answer 19

neurologic model/hypothesis
somatic afferent bombardment due to subluxation that can cause facilitation of lateral horn and can lead to visceral dysfunction
meric approach

Question 20

what things are thought to be caused by the somatovisceral hypothesis?

Answer 20

colic, increased BP, urinary output, enuresis, gastric acidity and motility, pituitary circulation, anemia, blood sugar levels, asthma, coronary arteriospasm, pupillary diameter, migraine, dysmenorrhea

Question 21

viscerosomatic hypothesis

Answer 21

neurologic model
visceral afferent bombardment from body organs can cause typical referred pain patterns, can cause or predispose spinal levels to VSC through interneural connections on the anterior horn
facilitation of the anterior horn and resulting somatic effects can result from chemical stressors present in food, drink, atmospherer and medications

Question 22

somatic dysafferentation

Answer 22

increased nociceptive afferent impulses from somatic omponents of motion segments in combination with decreased proprioceptive impulses, primarily from mechanoreceptors

Question 23

sympatheticotonia and dysautonomia

Answer 23

role in immune function, TH1 and TH2 responses; reduced cortical summation due to subluxation
dysinhibition/sympathetic division